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Animal Behavior
Horses, Cattle, Dogs, and Cats
143
Agriculture
Undergraduate 4
11/18/2013

Additional Agriculture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What determines dog behavior?
Definition

Genetics

Developmental experiences

Health

Learning at any age

Term
When talking about dog behavior why does genetics play a role?
Definition
Some breeds are born with innate behaviors that differ between other breeds. Ex: Newfoundland breed is excellent for search and rescue but not for agility.
Term
When tallking about dog behavior why does developmental experiences play a role?
Definition
Early relationships with humans and other dogs during socializaiton period.
Term
When talking about dog behavior why does health play a role?
Definition
Pain or diabetes can lead to different behaviors
Term
The impact of domestication has effected?
Definition

Physical and morphological changes

Reproductive changes

behavioral changes

Term
Reasons for domestication are?
Definition

Hunting

Protection

Companionship

Scavengers

Sheep Herding

Nutrition

Term
Behaviors that are associated with domestication.
Definition

Increased barking

Increased scent marking

Avoidance of fecal shedding

Term
What does neoteny mean?
Definition
The retention of traits that were previously seen only in juveniles.
Term
There are 3 groups of canids. What is type 1?
Definition
Type 1 refers to solitary hunters who form seasonal pair bonds (foxes)
Term
When referring to the groups of canids what is type 2?
Definition
Type 2 is similar to type 1 but longer lasting (coyotes)
Term
What is type 3 of the group of canids?
Definition
Type 3 is they live in packs (wolves)
Term
Group living is based on family ties. What happens when the social order is established?
Definition
It usually remains the same.
Term
What is so special about the dominant pair or the alpha pair?
Definition
They are the only ones able to reproduce within a pack. Others are usually related and care for young.
Term
What is paedomorphism?
Definition

Adult passes through fewer growth stages

Resembles juvenile stage of its ancestors such as:

-smaller body size

-retained juvenile head:body ratio

-behavioral and physical paedomorphism

Term
What are some social behaviors of domestic dogs?
Definition
  • Don't usually form packs
  • May consider their owners as members of their pack
  • Nature of human-animal relationship depends on type of bond established. Inappropriate bonds can lead to undesired behaviors

 

 

Term
What does it mean by dogs are opportunistic feeders?
Definition

It means they will eat whenever given the oppurtunity

 

Unless food is restricted, they will eat continuously

Term
Dogs prefer their food how?
Definition
  • Prefer cooked food over raw meat
  • Meat over cereal foods
  • Beef> pork> lamb> chicken 
Term
What does coprophagy mean?
Definition
Eating feces
Term
Sexual maturity in dogs is reach at what age?
Definition
7-8 months of age
Term
Female dogs come into heat at what age?
Definition
6-12 months
Term
What are some female dog reproductive behaviors?
Definition
  • Females in groups will synchronize estrus
  • Estrus is typically 21 days
  • Deposites attractive odors
  • Increased aggression
  • Bloody discharge
  • Ready to mate when tail is on one side of vulva 
Term
Sleeping behavior of wolves and foxes is?
Definition
They are active at night so they sleep during the day.
Term
What is the sleeping behavior of domestic dogs?
Definition

They are diurnal

Sleeps when owner does

Polyphasic sleeper

REM and NREM sleep

1.5 hours per sleep episode

Term
What is the sleeping behavior of older dogs?
Definition
Cognitive dysfunction syndrome
Term
Male dog reproductive behaviors?
Definition
  • Males are always ready but only show interest when female is in heat
  • Male sprays urine on the female's urine
  • Licking of ears and vulva
  • Play-fighting behavior with female 
Term
What is the gestation length of a dog?
Definition
63 days
Term
What happens in pre-parturition of the female dog?
Definition
  • Female becomes restless, finds dark, sheltered space, prepares nest
  • Refuses food, pants day before 
Term
What happens in the parturition phase of pregnancy in the female dog?
Definition
  • Each pup takes few minutes to come out
  • Interval between pups is 20min-2hrs 
Term
What happens in the post-parturition phase of the female dog?
Definition
  • Female active afterwards
  • licks pups, severs cord, dries pups, encourages them to nurse 
Term
When is the transitional period in dogs?
Definition
14-21 days
Term
What is the transitional period in dogs?
Definition

Its when:

  • Eyes and ears open
  • Puppy is ielf reliant for excretory functions
  • Advancement of motor movements
  • Puppies start to interact with each other
Term
When is the socialization period in dogs?
Definition
3-10 weeks
Term
What is socialization period in dogs?
Definition

Its when:

  • Teeth start to come in
  • Weaning is complete
  • Most critical period for social development
Term
When is the prenatal period in dogs?
Definition
Before birth
Term
What is the prenatal period?
Definition
  • It's from conception to parturition
  • Pups learn olfactory cues and tastes 
Term
When is the neonatal period in dogs?
Definition
0-14 days
Term
What is the neonatal period in dogs?
Definition
  • Its when pup nurses from mother
  • Eyes and ears are closed and nonfunctional
  • Pup starts to vocalize 
Term

What is:

  • The most sensitive period for developing normal behavior
  • Social bonds and exposure to different stimuli are necessary
  • Mistakes made at this stage may not be overcome
Definition
Socialization period
Term
When is the juvenile period in dogs?
Definition
10 weeks to sexual maturity
Term
What is the juvenile period in dogs?
Definition
  • Rapid growth
  • Adult teeth replace temporary teeth
  • Male dogs show raised leg urination
  • Males attempt to mate around 7-8 months
  • Female puberty occurs between 6-12 months 
Term
What are the four types for social communication in dogs?
Definition
Tactile, Auditory, Olfactory, and Visual
Term
  1. Tactile is an example of what?
  2. Auditory is an example of what?
  3. Olfactory is an example of what?
  4. Visual is an example of what?

All in social communication of dogs..

Definition
  1. Licking
  2. Barking
  3. Excellent sense of smell
  4. Stare down 
Term
Pheromone signals in dogs?
Definition
  • Vomeronasal organ
  • Affects behavior of some species 
Term
Urine, stool, and anal sac secretions in dogs?
Definition
  • Dogs can determine identity by smelling urine
  • Sexual signal and readiness to mate 
Term
Advantages of olfactory signals in dogs?
Definition

Long lasting

Allows avoidance

Term
Whole body postures+ facial expression+ tail positions is used how in dogs?
Definition
  • Used to convey likelihood of conflict
  • Offers a chance to avoid conflict
  • Avoiding fights is adaptive 
Term
What are some stress signals in dogs?
Definition
  • Look-aways
  • Lip licking
  • Yawning
  • Panting
  • Lip retraction 
Term
Dogs can read human body language better than humans. How is this helpful for a dog?
Definition
  • This is one way dogs learn right from wrong
  • Dogs will look guilty when owner looks upset 
Term
Assertive signals make a dog look?
Definition

Bigger

Ex: stands upright, high head, intent stare

Term
Submissive signals make a dog look?
Definition

Smaller

Ex: Crouched, ears are low, tail is tucked, avoids eye contact

Term
Effective punishment needs to meet what three criteria?
Definition

Immediate

Consistent

Effective

Term
True or False. Compared to dogs, domestication has only slightly changed cat behavior?
Definition
True
Term
What is the domesticate cats species name?
Definition
Felis Catus
Term
Oldest known ancestor of the cat?
Definition
Felidae family
Term
What is the mutualism between cats and humans?
Definition
  • Cats attracted to human settlements because of prey source
  • Humans grateful of controlled rodent population
Term
Cats are held in high regard where and considered demonic where?
Definition

Mediterranean

medieval England

Term
What are cats social behavior like?
Definition
Reputation of solitary species, but has flexible social organization from solitary to large groups.
Term
What are some social living felid species?
Definition

Lions, cheetahs

domestic cats

Term
What is the dominance hierarchy in cats?
Definition
High density groups
Term
In groups, females cats and their offspring form core groups. These groups can be what?
Definition
  • May be territorial
  • Have several core groups may form a colony
  • May divide into 2 social classes based on competition for resources.
Term
What are the 2 social classes based on competition for resources in cats?
Definition
  • Central females: higher reproduction success, healthy
  • Peripheral females

 In males:

  • Central Males: may be associated with colonies
  • Peripheral males: roam widely
Term
What does tapetum mean?
Definition
Reflects light for better night vision
Term
Sound recognition of littermates and people start at what age?
Definition
3-4 weeks
Term
Describe the taste abilities of cats.
Definition

Similar to humans and dogs

Can taste acidity, bitterness, salt, and sweet

Term
What is so unique about the cats olfaction?
Definition

It's..

  • Extensive
  • Highly developed at birth
  • Important for complex, social hierarchies
Term
List some tactile behaviors that are well developed at birth in cats.
Definition
  • Kittens sense warm objects and root into it
  • Helps with thermoregulation
  • Very sensitive to petting
Term
What are the sensory hairs called around head and paws?
Definition
Vibrissa
Term
What purpose do the vibrissa (sensory hairs) serve on the cat and where are they located?
Definition
  • Sense amplitude, direction, and rate of displacement
  • On cheeks and side of face, above eyes, on carpus
Term
Visual signals of cats involves what?
Definition
  • Eyes, ears, mouth, tail, coat, posture (body, head carriage, back position, leg posturing)
  • Facial signs change faster than body postures

 

Term
Eye contact/direct stare in cats means what?
Definition
Threat
Term
Round pupil size in cats means what?
Definition
Fear
Term
Oblong pupil size means what in cats?
Definition
aggression
Term
Off-round pupil size means what in cats?
Definition
Relaxed
Term
When a cats body posture is described as stands erect with tail downward, looking side to side what does this mean?
Definition
Offensive
Term
When a cat is crouch down, lowered head and tail this means what?
Definition
Defensive
Term
When a cat is arching its back, stiff legs, piloerection, tail partly or completely raised what does this mean?
Definition
Conflict between offensive and defensive
Term
When a cats tail is up what does this mean?
Definition
Amicable
Term
What are some common kitten vocalizations?
Definition
  • Crying when awakened, hungry, cold, trapped
  • Purr while nursing
    • which starts as early as 2 days
  • Grunts
    • Common at birth
  • Ultrasonic call given if distressed
    • Assists mother in location of kittens 
Term
Tail position in cats.
Definition

Vertical is greeting

Lower is aggression

 

Term
Why do cats squat or spray?
Definition
  • Spraying used for scent marking includes anal glad secretions
    • Mostly done by males but females can spray too
  • Mostly done in core area
  • Communicate estrus 
Term
Where does scent deposition come from in cats?
Definition
  •  From sebaceous glands on tail, forehead, lips, chin, pads, associated with whiskers.
  • From saliva

 

Term
How do cats spread their scent?
Definition
  • Rub mouth, chin, flank, or tail on stuff.
  • Scratch with claws 
Term
Tactile behaviors in cats.
Definition
  • Bunting
  • Maybe display of social status or dominance
    • Which could develop common group odor and signal social bonds
  • Licking 
Term
How do cats use their acute hearing and vision?
Definition
  • Can pick up ultrasonic signals from mice
  • Seeing small, moving object signals predatory behavior 
Term
What is the attack sequence of cats?
Definition
  • Will wait patiently in ambush
  • Stalk with slow approach
  • Then sudden, fast, short gallop 
Term
Playing with prey in cats
Definition
  • Using inhibited bites
  • Prey may move again stimulating a new attack 
Term
How often do cats normally eat?
Definition

Eat frequent small meals (9-16/day)

Females spend 24-46% of day hunting

Term
What do cats do during the premeal?
Definition
Vocalize, tail up and flicking, rubbing
Term
What do cats do in postmeal?
Definition
grooming
Term
What is the resting/sleeping pattern of cats?
Definition
  • Most sleep states are slow wave
  • Not truly nocturnal
  • Same positions as dogs 
Term
Why should a cat care for its body surface?
Definition
  • Maintain healthy hair, skin
  • Remove ectoparasites
  • Remove loose hair
  • Evaporative cooling
  • Diffuse static electricity build up
  • Stimulate kittens to eliminate 
Term
Reproductive behaviors of cats.
Definition
  • Sexual maturity at 9-12 months
  • Courtship may be long, but copulation takes only few seconds 
Term

Female reproductive behaviors 

Definition
  • Females seasonally polyestrous
  • Can cycle every 3 weeks for several months
  • Estrus lasts 9-10 days if no copulation or 4 days if copulation occurs
    • The difference is a function of induced ovulation
  • Females prefer familiar males to unfamiliar. 
Term
What is the attractivity in female cats?
Definition
Females increase scent marking during estrus
Term
Proceptivity in female cats
Definition
  • Rubbing, rolling, purring, rhythmic opening/closing of claws, squirming, stretching
  • "Heat Cry" unique to proestrus and estrus
    • Monotone howling 
Term
Receptivity in cats?
Definition
  • Assumes crouching lordosis position
    • Elevated perineum signals readiness
    • Tail laterally displaced
  • Pupils dilate
  • Copulatory cry 
Term
What is the females reaction after copulation in cat?
Definition
  • Turn aggressively on male
  • Rolls, stretches, licks her vulva 
Term
Males sexual behavior in cats?
Definition
Polygamous and sexually active throughout the year
Term
Pre-Copulatory behavior in male cats?
Definition
  • Primarily occurs at night
  • Caterwauling- loud, harsh vocalizations
    • warns other males
    • advertises males availability
  • Flehmen response to females urine
  • Softer mating call- response to females heat cry 
Term
Copulatory behavior in cats?
Definition
  • Male grips females neck
  • Male mounts and treads with rear limbs to get into position
  • Ejaculation occurs with pelvic lunge
  • Neck grip is released 
Term
Post- Copulatory behavior in cats?
Definition
  • Male dismounts
  • Male jumps away from females after reaction
    • males exhibits refractory period 
Term
What is the gestation length and litter size for cats?
Definition
63 days and 1-10 kittens
Term
What is the pre-parturition in cats?
Definition
  • Licking herself
  • Restlessness: squatting, stretching, rubbing, rolling, circling, rearranging bedding

 

Term
What does the female cat do during queening (parturition)?
Definition
  • Typically occurs at night
  • Braces herself during contractions 
Term
Post-parturition in cats?
Definition
  • Female is active afterwards
    • licks kittens, severs cord, eats placenta, dries kitten, encourages it to nurse
  • Queen stimulates kittens to eliminate, then cleans
    • Females cares for young (sometimes communal)
  • Maternal aggression
  • Nests moved if soiled or disturbed 
Term
When do kittens start eliminating on their own?
Definition
3 weeks
Term
How are kittens moved?
Definition
By gripping dorsum of the neck and kitten assume reflexive immobility
Term
Suckling in kitten accures how many hours per day?
Definition
6-8
Term
Which nipples are preferred by kittens?
Definition
  • Back nipples are preferred
  • Established by 1-3 days
    • 80% of kittens develop preference
    • Olfaction used to locate preferred nipple 
Term
What are some nursing behaviors performed by kittens?
Definition
  • Rhythmic kneading during nursing
  • Both queen and kitten purr
  • Suckling 
Term
Transitional period in cats?
Definition
  • Both nursing and eating solid food
  • Queen brings prey (1st dead, then alive)

 

Term
Weaning in cats?
Definition
  • Weaned from 30-60 days
  • If weaned early:
    • develop predatory behavior sooner (better mouser)
    • develop abnormal play behavior
      • Males- more fighting/aggression
      • Females- more running, less climbing 
Term
Cross fostering in cats
Definition
Not as easy as in dogs. Do it before she bonds to her kittens.
Term
Kitten development
Definition
  • Newborns are blind, deaf, completely dependent on mother.
  • Sensory abilities slowly mature during 1st 3-4 weeks
Term
When do the ear canals of kittens open?
Definition
day 5
Term
When do the eyes of kittens open?
Definition
  • at day 9
  • Eye opening dependent on environment and genetics
  • Kittens from young mothers open eyes earlier
Term
When is the socialization period in cats?
Definition
3-10 weeks
Term
What are some behavior and welfare problems in cats?
Definition
  • Inappropriate scratching
  • Inappropriate elimination
  • Aggression 
Term
When does social play decrease in cats?
Definition
12 weeks and switches to predatory and social fighting
Term
Cattle social behavior what is a matriarchal herd?
Definition
  • Free-ranging cows and calves plus young males
  • Sub-groups of juvenile males associate
  • Juvenile females associate with adult females 
Term
Groups may mix depending on what resources (in cattle)?
Definition
  • Resources are abundant: separate home ranges
  • Resources are scarce: share home range 
Term
What is the social order in male cattle?
Definition
  • Males stay close to female but may occupy different home range
  • Groups tend to be small 3-10 young males
  • Less cohesive than female herd
  • Hierarchy is very linear
  • Adult males may become solitary except during breeding season
  • More agonistic interactions
  • Less affiliative relationships 
Term
Hearing in cattle
Definition
  • Range 8000-21000 Hz
  • Lesser ability to localize sound
  • Yelling, high pitched noise, intermittent sound increases heart-rate (stressor)
    • Rapid motion greater affect on amygdala response: (predators strike quickly) 
Term
Olfactory in cattle
Definition
Likely have acute sense of olfaction and vomeronasal activity
Term
Visual signals of cattle?
Definition
  • Posture of body language
  • Position of the head realative to the body (submission, sick)
  • High vs. low and swinging of the head
  • Tail position: cows in heat, calving but little role socially
  • Mounting behavior of females attract males
  • Few facial signals (unlike horses) 
Term
Vocalization of cattle?
Definition
  • Researchers have identified eleven different calls: mostly indicative of level of excitement
  • Bull bellows, roars, low moo 
Term
Agonistic behavior in cattle?
Definition
  • Threat: stare, head toss toward another
  • Butt: body contact
  • Pushing at shoulder or side
  • Rear or mount
  • Fight do not typically last long
  • Frontal attack, head to head; side attacks
  • Clinch: head into the flank 
Term
What are the differences between Zebu and Taurus cattle?
Definition
  • Zebu- Drought tolerant: water conservation
  • Taurus- Developed further north: water intensive 
Term
Attractivity of female cattle?
Definition
  • Cows are attractive to bulls 
Term
Proceptivity of cattle?
Definition
  • Increased agitation and movement in groups of females in estrus
  • Heightened senses
  • Mounting behavior: Cow-Cow
  • Increased urination, tail lifting 
Term
Receptivity of cattle?
Definition
  • Assume a braced stance for male to mount 
Term
Male reproductive behavior what is the pre-copulatory phase of cattle?
Definition
  • Court female: guarding behavior
  • Investigate the female: Flehmen response 
Term
What is the copulatory behavior in cattle?
Definition
  • Mounting, intromission, ejaculation
  • Learn how to mount during juvenile play sequences
  • May service more than once before moving on to another female 
Term
What is pre-partum in female cattle?
Definition
  • Female separates from herd
  • Finds nesting site
  • Favor dry area with cover
  • Loss of appetite; raised tail
  • Calving typically takes place in early morning 
Term
What does the cow do post partum?
Definition
  • Female cleans calf
  • Stimulates calf
  • Circulation, breathing, urination, defecation
  • Grooms calf (similar to horses)
  • Calf up and suckling withing .5 to 1 hour 
Term
What does the calf do post-parturtion?
Definition
  • Teat seeking: follow hair pattern and body shape
  • Bump udder and suckle to cause milk release
    • Causes hormonal cascade that sustains maternal behavior (oxytocin release)
  • Calves are precocial 
Term
Where do dairy bull calves go?
Definition
  • Sold for dairy beef and raised on calf raisers facilities
  • Kept or sold for veal
  • Euthanized after birth (non- Holstein breeds) 
Term
Individually housed dairy calves helps with what?
Definition
  • Reduces disease transmission
  • Identify sick calves
  • Monitor individual feed intake 
Term
When do most producers wean dairy calves?
Definition
  • Early as 4 weeks, but most calf raisers begin weaning at 8 weeks.
  • Abrupt or Step-down methods used 
Term
What is the step down method?
Definition
Milk is either diluted or milk feedings cut down to less than half until calf consume 2-4 lbs of grain for 2-3 days.
Term
What are some processes for dairy calf weaning?
Definition
  • A high quality grain (starter) and fresh water should be offered starting at <1 week.
  • Calf grain intake should be monitored daily
  • Once calves consume about 1lb/day, weaning can begin
  • Abrupt
  • Step-down 
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