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Coloration Matching the Visual Background Disruptive coloration Countershading Transparency Masquerade |
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| prevents perception of a prey animal’s form |
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| animals with dark backs and light bellies |
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| the mechanism by which countershading achieves camouflage |
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| Prey may be detected but deemed inedible by predators |
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| Warning Coloration. a conspicuous appearance that advertises dangerous or unpleasant attributes |
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| Two warningly colored species can look alike |
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| Palatable, defenseless, species evolve morphology and behavior similar to unpalatable species |
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| Pronouncement of Vigilance |
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| Prey reactions communicate to the predator the prey is alert and aware |
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| : a stiff-legged bounding display performed by pronghorn, deer and antelope |
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a group is composed of selfish individuals Each trying to position as many others as possible between itself and the predator |
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| each individual has a smaller chance of becoming the next victim as the group size increases |
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| predators are less successful in attacking prey because they are unable to single out and attack individuals |
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| approaching, gathering around, and harassing one’s enemies |
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