Term
The relative ability of an organism to contribute genes to the next generation is called? |
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Definition
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Term
what is a co-opted trait? |
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Definition
a trait that has been modified to serve a new function. |
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Term
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Definition
German - "surroundings"
includes:
An overarching context
sensory environment
behavioral capabilities
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Term
| what is adjusting one's aggression level to the strength of the opponent? |
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Definition
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Term
Name a neurotransmitter we know from chapter one? |
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Definition
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Term
Name three hormones commonly connected to behavior? |
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Definition
Ecdysone, estrogen og testosterone |
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Term
| The maintenance of constant internal conditions in an animal is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| A genetically differentiated population within a species adapted to a particular localized habitat is called, what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A hypothesis of evolution within a group represented as a tree. |
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Term
| Can Phylogeny be used to understand patterns of evolution for specific behaviors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the heritable proportion of phenotypic variation is attributable to genetics variation? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the interactions between genes called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the total genetic variation is comprised of? |
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Definition
Additive and non-additive genetic variation. |
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Term
In what type of population would you expect the highest rate of heritability of genetic traits?
And what does heritability mean? |
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Definition
We would expect populations in a uniform environment to have the highest rate of heritability.
Heritability is a measure of how well differences in people’s genes account for differences in their traits. |
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Term
What can result in non-additive genetic variation?
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Definition
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Term
| Can methylation be a mechanism to modify the expression of genes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What information is needed for a Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis? |
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Definition
1. Multi-generational observations
2. A genome linkage map
3. Measured behavior variations
Multi-generationalobservations |
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Term
| Phylogenetic Inertia and Disruptive Selection are examples of what? |
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Definition
Evolutionary mechanisms that can impact behavior. |
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Term
Heritability of a trait is constant across individuals of a species? |
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Definition
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Term
| Some mechanisms that allow maintenance of a constant internal state include: |
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Definition
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Term
| Does Feedback loops serve as regulators in behavioral homeostasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensory evaluation(assessment) of an animal's state is a key part of a feedback loop? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Drive theory the most modern understanding of behavioral choices by animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-human Animals do not engage in pathological behaviours? |
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Definition
No, non-human do have pathological! |
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Term
| Direction of behavior to a third party or an inanimate object is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| Consistently expressed behavioral tendencies of an individual are called? |
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Definition
Behavioral syndrome and personality
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Term
| Which of the following can influence personality? |
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Definition
1. Experiences
2. Genes
3. Development |
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Term
| Can conditions during fetal develop can influence personality? |
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Definition
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Term
| External cues that control endogenous rhythms are? |
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Definition
Zeitgebers - (tidsmåler, tidsgiver) i synkronisering og stilling av den biologiske klokken som deltar i cirkadiske rytmer. |
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Term
| Behaviors such as hibernation and migration are what type of rythms? |
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Definition
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Term
What controls carbohydrate metabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
Ethograms, Markov chains and transition matrices are examples of what? |
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Definition
"tools" to analyze animal behavior. |
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Term
| What is Habituation an example of? |
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Definition
A form of non-ass
A form of non-assosiativ learning. |
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Term
| Can sensitization to one stimulus can affect responses to another? |
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Definition
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Term
| is learning is an example of plasticity? |
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Definition
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Term
With Classical conditioning, animals learn to associate a behavior with a reward.
true og false? |
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Definition
FALSE:
That is an example of operant condition, though. |
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Term
In operant condition, is it the teacher or the learner that controls the behavior? |
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Definition
It the the learner - the student. |
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Term
| What type of behavior is needed to pass "The mirror test" ? |
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Definition
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Term
What does the "theory of mind" refer to? |
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Definition
The awareness of the mental state of others.
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Term
| If universal grammar exists it would it be identical among all human languages? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does insight learning relies on a trial-and-error process? |
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Definition
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Term
Is echolocation is an example of autocommunication? |
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Definition
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Term
| A glow worm male seeking a mate and becoming confused by city lights is an example of, what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is a cue is anything that can be perceived? |
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Definition
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Term
| The main difference between a signal and a cue is ... |
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Definition
Signals are intended to carry information from the sender. |
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Term
| When a cue is associated with meaning to form the basis of a signal this is called, what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The evolutionary reduction in signal variation is called ... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Multi-modal and multi-component communication? |
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Definition
Communication that involves more that one signal at ones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The change in frequency of waves when they move into a different medium is called... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
It is easier to distinguish between weak signals (whisper) |
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Term
| Fisherian runaway selection results in traits that are ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Guided movement from one location to another is called ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Navigation involving only internal calculation of the distance and direction to travel is... |
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Definition
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Term
Navigation using a physiological device that allows assessment of angular direction involves.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Information obtained from the environment is called ... |
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Definition
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Term
| To triangulate on something, an animal must perceive it from two different locations? |
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Definition
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Term
| Movement in a straight line that is undirected with respect to the source of the stimulus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Moving to a point between two stimuli as a result of averaging the input? |
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Definition
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Term
| A negatively phototactic animal would move toward a light. |
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Definition
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Term
| Moving at an angle relative to the stimulus, rather than directly toward or away from the stimulus, is called? |
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Definition
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Term
Maintaining a course through obstacles by balancing deviations with movement in the opposite direction is called ...
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Definition
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Term
| Random movement can never accomplish an animal’s goals of finding food or shelter. |
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Definition
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Term
| Zugunruhe is migratory restlessness. |
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Definition
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Term
| Dispersal is usually a one-way trip to an unknown destination. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple queens collaborate to establish a new nest, a behavior common for many ant species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dispersal is a non-directional, non-seasonal, allows for geneflow, one-way movement. |
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Term
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Definition
migration is directional, seasonal, no geneflow and by
definition involves a return trip. |
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Term
| Migratory animals must know the route, so name two ways young animals can «learn» the route. |
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Definition
Inherited genetic information
learned migration from adult animals. |
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Term
| What is a functional response? |
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Definition
| The functional response describes the relationship between the number of prey consumed and the prey density. |
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Term
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Definition
Functional respons curves.
shows the three types of functional response that occur in ecology. |
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Term
| Name some cues for migratory birds to migrate. |
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Definition
Fat deposition - hormones
Photoperiod - length of days/night
Conditions - tailwind, right altitude, open routes
Migratory relentlessness . |
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Term
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Definition
| on the route between breeding and wintering sites, affording food (refuelling but dependent on body condition), water, shelter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behaviour selected to increase fitness of relative |
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Term
| What does inclusive fitness include? |
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Definition
| own (classical) fitness + fitness of relative. |
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Term
| Allothetic information, Is information obtained from where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Movement in a straight line that is undirected with respect to the source of the stimulus, is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which term describes the trophic role of eating nonliving organic matter? |
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Definition
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Term
| A browser eats vegetation that is at or near the ground. |
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Definition
| False, Moose is an example. |
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Term
| What does "The marginal value theorem" describe? |
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Definition
| the optimal time for a forager to move to a new resource patch. |
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Term
| What is scramble competition? |
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Definition
| When the first animal to find a resource gets the largest share. |
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Term
| Predator saturation is... |
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Definition
| A reproductive strategy of producing many offspring at once. |
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Term
| A utility function compares a resource to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| An animal distinguishing between risk levels in their decision making is... |
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Definition
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Term
| Patterning on an animal that hides it's outline or silhouette is called.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Selection resulting from mating-related competition within a sex is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| Extreme expression of a characteristic associated with only one sex in the species may be the result of... |
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Definition
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Term
| Protandrous species start as what and ends as what?(sex) |
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Definition
| starts as males and ends as females (clown fish) |
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Term
| When a territory centers on a key resource, and territoriality determines reproductive success, this is called... |
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Definition
| Resource defense polygyny |
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Term
A species with a short life span that makes many offspring & gives little parental care is an example of...
and what is the opposite? |
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Definition
R-selection
the opposite is K-selection |
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Term
| Are Endemic(growing or existing in a certain place or region), species are often more vulnerable to extinction? |
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Definition
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Term
| An individual's marginal value to a social group is... |
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Definition
| The remaining work output in their lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| A species with a disproportionatelylarge effect on its ecosystem. |
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Term
| Attraction to the new or unusual is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| Construction that follows a pattern already established by previous building is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| Semelparous individuals will typically reproduce in the same season, year after year |
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Definition
false
it is characterized by a single reproductive episode before death |
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Term
| Oxytocin levels may be recorded in an ethogram. |
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Definition
false
ethograma is a list of species-specific behaviors describing the elements and function of each behavior. |
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Term
| Can you name Tinbergans 4 - questions? |
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Definition
1) What is the mechanism (causation) of the behavior?
2) How does the behavior develop?
3) What is the survival value (today: also reproduction; utility) of the behavior?
4) How did the behavior evolve? |
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Term
| What is the difference in ultimate and proximate questions? |
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Definition
• Proximate questions ask about immediate mechanisms (in biology: physiological and environmental factors)
• Ultimate questions ask about the distal / higher-level causes (in biology: evolution) |
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Term
| Vestigial traits, what are they? |
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Definition
| Traits that were adaptive in ancestors, but no longer serve their original function (e.g. human tailbone). |
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Term
| nature vs. nurture, what do you got? |
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Definition
«Nature»: All behavior is pre-determined, hardwired in
the genes (instinct)
• «Nurture»: All behavior is determined by previous
experience of the animal (learning). |
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Term
What are the opposites to these common Behaviors?
Bold
submissive |
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Definition
bold - shy
submissive - aggressive |
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Term
Fill inn the correct parings:
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| For search and navigation, what to categories of "movement" do we have and what do they imply? |
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Definition
• Orientation
–moving in a specific direction: need to know where you are going
• Navigation
–moving towards a destination: need to know where you are, where you are going, and how to get there |
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Term
| Kinesis, what does it imply? |
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Definition
| Changes in speed or direction of movement without orientation to a stimulus source. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in direction of movements that are oriented to a stimulus source. |
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Term
[image]
What does this illustrate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Philopatry, What might this be? |
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Definition
Definition of philopatry
: the tendency of an animal to remain in or return to the area of its birth In many species of animals, individuals directly benefit from living in groups; philopatry |
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Term
Why Philopatry?
"The tendency of an animal to remain in or return to the area of its birth" |
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Definition
To increase the likelihood of finding a
suitable breeding habitat and a mate?
• Returns locally adapted individuals to
appropriate habitats |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When your being predated, what is the best way to not get eaten and what is secondary? |
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Definition
Best, avoiding being seen at all cost.
second best, If seen, a lot of tactics to use
– Most tactics are costly
– Tactics are context dependet |
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Term
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Definition
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