Term
| 3 types of endocrine hormones. Which type is made using cholesterol molecules? |
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Definition
| peptide, amino-acid based, steroid. Steroid. |
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Term
| Hormone release is regulated by |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormones do neurosecretory cells release to the posterior pituitary? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| After eating, what hormone does the pancreas release? |
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Definition
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Term
| When blood glucose is low, what hormone does the pancreas release? |
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Definition
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Term
| Type I diabetes is characterized by |
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Definition
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Term
| Type II diabetes is characterized by |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormones does adrenal medulla secrete? Adrenal cortex? Under what conditions do they secrete these hormones? |
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Definition
| epinephrine and nonepinephrine; glucocorticoids; stress |
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Term
| Cells which provide support within the nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells of the nervous system which receive and integrate information as well as conduct and transmit signals |
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Definition
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Term
| Part of a neuron that receives signals from other neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| Part of neuron which integrates signals and coordinates metabolic activities |
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Definition
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Term
| Part of neuron that transmits the action potential |
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Definition
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Term
| Part of neuron which insulates the axon and speeds conduction |
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Definition
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Term
| Carry action potentials from neuron to neuron |
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Definition
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Term
| When a "greater-than-threshold" stimulus is received, these channels open up, allowing this ion to move into the cell rapidly |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 operations of information processing of action potentials |
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Definition
1. determine type of stimulus
2. determine intensity of stimulus
3. integrate info from many sources
4. initiate and direct appropriate responses |
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Term
| How does the brain determine the type of stimulus when it receives an action potential? |
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Definition
| sensory receptors transmit the action potential to a specific brain location |
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Term
| How does the brain determine the intensity of the stimulus? |
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Definition
| by the number of action potentials received |
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Term
| Specialized cell that produces an electrical signal in response to specific stimuli. |
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Definition
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Term
| action potentials from the brain travel along these to effectors |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscles, etc. Simplest behavior is a reflex. |
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Definition
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Term
The brain's left hemisphere controls:
_____ side of body
receives input from the ____ visual field, ____ ear, and _____ nostril.
Is the center for _____ & ______ |
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Definition
| Right; right; right; left; language and math |
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Term
| Muscle fiber consists of ______ surrounded by ___________. |
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Definition
| myofibri; sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| Mechanism of transmission in direct communication |
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Definition
| direct movement thru gap junctions linking cytosol of adjacent cells. Ions & small molecules. |
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Term
| Mechanism of transmission in paracrine communication |
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Definition
| diffusion thru interstitial fluid to nearby cells bearing receptors. Local hormones. |
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Term
| Mechanism of transmission in endocrine communication. |
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Definition
| carried in the bloodstream to near or distant cells bearing receptors. Hormones. |
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Term
| Mechanism of transmission in synaptic communication |
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Definition
| diffusion from a neuron across a narrow space (synaptic cleft) to a cell bearing receptors. Neurotransmitters. |
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Term
| How does the hypothalamus control secretions of the anterior pituitary? (3) |
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Definition
1. Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus produce releasing & inhibiting hormones
2. Releasing or inhibiting hormone secreted into capillaries feeding anterior lobe of pituitary
3. Hormone is secreted into the blood by endocrine cells of anterior pituitary |
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Term
| How does the hypothalamus control the secretions in the posterior pituitary? (2) |
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Definition
1. Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus produce oxytocin and ADH
2. Oxytocin and ADH are secreted into blood via capillaries in posterior pituitary |
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Term
| Damage to the left motor cortex may result in loss of voluntary movement on this side of the body |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensory receptors of hearing, located in the cochlea |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the sensory receptors for vision and where are they located? |
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Definition
| Photoreceptors (rods and cones) located in the retina |
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Term
| What are the sensory receptors for taste and smell and where are they located? |
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Definition
| Chemoreceptors; olfactory receptors are in the upper epithelium of nasal cavity; taste receptors located on papillae of tongue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Movement of muscle requires _______ pairs of muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| Organized units of actin and myosin filaments |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 sources of energy for muscle contraction. |
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Definition
1. stored ATP
2. creatine phosphate (energy stored to remake ATP)
3. cellular respiration (ATP prodxn)
4. glycosis & lactate fermentation (ATP prodxn) |
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Term
| What is the feedback loop which controls thyroid function? |
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Definition
1. Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus secrete TSH-releasing hormone
2. Releasing hormone causes anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone
3. TSH causes thyroid to secrete thyroxine
4. Thyroxine inhibits TSH releasing hormone & TSH release by negative feedback |
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Term
| What is the function of thyroxine? |
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Definition
| Increases metabolic rate and stimulates synthesis of enzymes that break down glucose and provide energy |
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Term
| Characteristics of a thyroxine deficiency |
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Definition
| mentally and physically sluggish, loss of appetite but gain of weight, cold intolerance |
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Term
| What is the role of myelin on an neuron's axon? |
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Definition
| surrounds axon at varying thickness allowing action potentials to "jump" rapidly from node to node |
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Term
| When a receptor binds to a neurotransmitter it causes a brief change in |
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Definition
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Term
| Receives and processes sensory info, initiates responses, stores memories, generates thoughts and emotions |
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Definition
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Term
| controls reflex activities |
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Definition
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Term
| controls voluntary responses by activating skeletal muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| controls involuntary responses by influencing organs, glands and smooth muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| preps body for "fight or flight;" located within autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| dominates during times of "rest and rumination;" part of autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| consists of flattened, membrane-enclosed compartments, stores fluid which stores calcium ions |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the nervous system control the strength and degree of muscle contraction? |
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Definition
| controls # of muscle fibers stimulated and frequency of action potentials in each fiber |
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Term
| Powers the movement of the myosin head and is necessary for the myosin to release from the actin |
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Definition
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Term
| Produce sperm and testosterone |
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Definition
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Term
| Store sperm and conduct sperm from testes to penis |
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Definition
| epydidmis and vas deferens |
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Term
| conducts semen from vas deferens and urine from urinary bladder to tip of penis |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones that stimulate the testes to produce testosterone |
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Definition
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Term
| A spermatogonium undergoes this process to produce a primary sporophyte. |
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Definition
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Term
| Process by which sperm form from spermatids. |
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Definition
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Term
| produce eggs, estrogen and progesterone |
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Definition
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Term
| bear cilia that sweep egg into oviduct |
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Definition
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Term
| conduct egg to uterus; site of fertilization |
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Definition
| uterine tube AKA oviduct AKA fallopian tube |
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Term
| muscular chamber where fetus develops |
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Definition
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Term
| closes off lower end of uterus during pregnancy |
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Definition
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Term
| receptacle for semen; birth canal |
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Definition
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Term
| production of egg cells which begins during fetal development |
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Definition
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Term
| During puberty in males and females, the hypothalamus increases production of |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones which ramp up production of estrogen |
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Definition
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Term
| Procedure in which vas deferens are severed and their ends cauterized |
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Definition
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Term
| cutting & sealing off of uterine tubes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| common STD caused by protist |
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Definition
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Term
| common STD caused by arthopod |
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Definition
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Term
| where formation of embryo begins; repeated mitotic divisions |
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Definition
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Term
| migration and differentiation of cells into three cell layers |
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Definition
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Term
| formation of rudimentary organs |
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Definition
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Term
| At what point in development is the developing embryo called a fetus? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| uterine stretching by fetus & fetal and maternal hormones |
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Term
| Hormone which promote secretion of breast milk |
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Definition
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Term
| During fertilization, the embryo secretes this within 7-8 days, which targets the corpus luteum and keeps endometrium intact |
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Definition
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