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Definition
| The science of the structure of the body and the relation of its parts |
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Term
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Definition
| The science of how the body functions |
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Term
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Definition
-"Before Nucleus"
-Lacks a true membrane-bound nucleus i.e. bacteria |
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Definition
-"True Nucleus"
-Has membrane-bound nucleus and many membrane-bound organelles i.e. multicellular organisms |
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Term
| Three major parts of the eukaryotic cell |
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Definition
-Cell membrane
-Cytoplasm
-Nucleus |
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Definition
| Separates cell from external environment |
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| Cell Membrane Composition |
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Definition
-Double phospholipid layer with interspersed proteins (fluid mosaic model), also carbohydrate chains and cholesterol
-It is semipermeable |
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Definition
-Cilia for surface movement
-Flagellum for cellular movement
-Microvilli which increase surface area |
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Definition
| Encompasses everything within the cell except the nucleus |
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Term
| Cytoplasm Contents (Organelles) |
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Definition
-Ribosomes
-Mitochondria
-Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Golgi apparatus
-Lysosomes
-Peroxisomes
-Cytoskeleton
-Centrioles |
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Term
Organelles
Ribosomes: Location, Composition & Function |
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Definition
Location: Float freely in cytoplasm or are attached to rough ER
Composition: Protein and RNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid)
Function: Protein Synthesis |
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Term
Organelles
Mitochondria: Function and Composition |
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Definition
Function: "Powerhouse of cell"--produces ATP (through cellular respiration)
Composition: Mitochondrial DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and protein
-Double membraned--inner membrane extends into folds called cristae which increase surface area for ATP production |
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Term
Organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Two types, Function & Structure |
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Definition
1. Rough ER
-Function: Transportation network for proteins
-Structure: Hollow system of flattened membranous channels with attached ribosomes
2. Smooth ER
-Function: Synthesizing cholesterol, steroid-based hormones and lipids, detoxification of drugs, breakdown of glycogen, and the transport of fats
-Structure: Hollow and without ribosomes (no protein synthesis) |
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Term
Organelles
Golgi apparatus (complex): Function and Structure |
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Definition
Function:
-Receive, package and distribute
-Modifies and packages substances received from ER and exports the from the cell or releases them into the cytoplasm
-Produces lysosomes
Structure: Stacked, saucer-shaped membranes |
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Term
Organelles
Lysosomes: Function and Contents |
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Definition
Function: Digestive enzymes digest intracellular bacteria, break-down non-functional organelles, digestion of nutrients
-Autolysis if lysosome enzymes released into cytoplasm
Contents: Digestive enzymes |
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Term
Organelles
Peroxisomes: Function and Contents |
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Definition
Function:
-Use oxygen to detoxify toxic substances (i.e. alcohol)
-Convert free radicals into hydrogen peroxide which is converted to water by catalase enzymes
Contents: Strong oxidase and catalase enzymes
Found in large amounts in the liver and kidneys |
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Term
Organelles
Cytoskeleton: Function and Contents |
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Definition
Function: Provides internal framework which forms structure and support, anchors organelles, enables movement
Contents: Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments made of proteins |
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Term
Organelles
Centrioles: Function and Contents |
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Definition
Function:
-Organize mitotic spindle
-Form base of cilia and flagella
Contents: Microtubles that form hollow tube |
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Term
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Definition
-Control center of cell
-Contains DNA
-has double, semipermeable nuclear membrane or envelope
-contains 1 or more nucleoli, which manufacture ribosomal units |
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Definition
| Substance that can be dissolved |
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Definition
| Substance that does the dissolving |
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Definition
| When solute has dissolved and is no longer distinguishable from solvent |
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| No energy expended by the cell |
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Term
| Types of Passive Processes |
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Definition
-Diffusion: Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to area of low concentration
-Facilitated diffusion: Aid from carrier proteins
-Osmosis: Movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
-Filtration: Forced through membrane by hydrostatic pressure; small will pass, large will not |
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Definition
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Term
| Types of Active Processes |
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Definition
-Endocytosis: taking into the cell
-Phagocytosis: take in solids
-Pinocytosis: taking in liquids
=Receptor mediated: specialized membrane receptors bind to sumstances entering cell
-Exocytosis: expelled from the cell
-Active Transport: Molecule moves from area of low concentration to area of high concentration via carrier proteins i.e. sodium/potassium pump |
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Term
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Definition
| Extracellular fluid is less concentrated than intracellular fluid |
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Definition
| Extracellular fluid is more concentrated than intracellular fluid |
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Definition
| Concentration of extracellular and intracellular fluids are equal |
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Definition
| Groups of similar cells with related functions |
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| Histology or Microanatomy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Connective
-Epithelial
-Muscle
-Nervous |
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Term
| Epithelial Tissue Function |
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Definition
| Protection, secretion, excretion, filtration, absorption of nutrients, and receipt of sensory information |
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Term
| Epithelial Tissue Locations |
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Definition
| Covers body surface, lines body cavities, forms active parts of glands |
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Term
| Epithelial Tissue Subtypes |
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Definition
-Squamous
-Cuboidal
-Columnar
-Pseudostratified columnar
-Glandular
-Transitional |
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Term
| Squamous Epithelium Structure and Location |
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Definition
-Flat, thin cells
-Simple: lines blood vessels, alveoli of lungs and thoracic and abdominal cavities
-Stratified: in areas of wear: nonkeratinized tissue lines the mouth, esophagus, vagina, rectum; keratinized tissue is the epidermis |
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Term
| Cuboidal Epithelium Structure and Location |
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Definition
-Cube Shaped
-Simple: important in absorption and secretion; forms active part of glands and small ducts, ovary surface and kidney tubules
-Stratified: fairly rare, lines ducts of sweat, salivary and mammary glands |
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Term
| Columnar Epithelium Structure and Location |
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Definition
-Tall, rectangular-shaped
-Simple: lines digestive tract from stomach to rectum (absorption and secretion), have microvilli associated with mucus secreting cells (goblet cells)
-Simple with cilia line bronchi, uterine tubes and uterus
-Stratified: rare, mammary ducts, portions of males urethra |
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Term
| Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium |
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Definition
-Appears to be more than one layer but all cells touch basal membrane
-Usually ciliated and often associated with goblet cells; respiratory tract |
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Term
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Definition
-Many resemble cuboidal and squamous depending on thickness of organ, occurs in areas where lots of distention needed i.e. urinary bladder, ureters, part of urethra
-Cuboidal when bladder empty
-Squamous when bladder full |
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Term
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Definition
-Highly specialized epithelial cells with ability to secrete various products
-Endocrine: ductless and secrete hormones directly into bloodstream
-Exocrine: have ducts and secrete onto epithelial surface--numerous and classified by structure, method of secretion and type of secretion, etc. |
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Term
| Connective Tissue Function |
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Definition
-Depends on tissue type
-Connects, supports, protects, insulates, transports fluids, and stores energy |
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Term
| Connective Tissue Composed of 3 Elements |
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Definition
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Term
| Connective Tissue Fiber Types |
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Definition
-Collagen fibers (White fibers): long, straight, very strong white fibers composed of collagen
-Elastic fibers (Yellow fibers): long, thin, branching, stretchable yellow fibers composed of elastin
-Reticular fibers: fine, collagen fibers in a complex network |
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Term
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Definition
| Immature and active cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Connective tissue proper
-Specialized connective tissue |
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Term
| Connective Tissue Proper Subtypes |
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Definition
1. Loose
-Areolar: Most widely distributed; supports organs; protects and provides flexibility for all 3 fiber types. i.e. Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells
-Adipose: Insulates, protects, cushions, reserve energy composd of fat cells (adipocytes)
-Reticular: Supportive tissue; found in spleen, liver, lymph nodes and bone marrow; network of fine reticular fibers, macrophages, and fibroblasts
2. Dense
-Regular: Tendons (bone to muscle), ligaments (bone to bone), and aponeuroses (muscle to muscle); Collagen fibers arranged in a parallel pattern and fibroblasts provide strong attachments
-Irregular: Dermis of the skin, organ capsules, joint capsules; collagen fibers arranged in an irregular pattern, elastic fibers, fibroblasts; provide strength and support to areas experiencing tension from all directions
-Elastic: Ligaments that contain more elastic fibers than collagen; nuchal ligament in horse's neck |
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Term
| Specialized Connective Tissues |
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Definition
-Cartilage
-Bone (Osseous)
-Blood |
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Term
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Definition
-Hyaline: nose, trachea, larynx, embryonic skeleton, costal cartilage, articular cartilage. Collagen fibers and chondrocytes support with some flexibility
-Elastic: Pinna, auditory canal, epiglottis, elastic fibers. Provide shape and great flexibility
-Fibrocartilage: Intervertebral discs, pubis symphysis, disk in stifle thick collagen fibers, and chondrocytes. Provide strong support |
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Term
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Definition
| Compact (Dense): Bones, collagen fibers, osteocytes, and calcified matrix. Supports, protects, houses blood-producing tissue, stores calcium and other minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| -Spongy (Cancellous): Latticelike bone structure. Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, plasma |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Voluntary control
-Long, parallel striated fibers with multiple nuclei located at their periphery
-Attach to and move bones |
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Term
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Definition
-Involuntary control
-Spindle-like shaped, smooth cells with a centrally located nucleus
-Found in walls of hollow organs |
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Definition
-Involuntary control
-Long, striated cells that are joined at points known as intercalated discs; have a single, centrally located nucleus
-Found only in the heart (myocardium) |
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Term
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Definition
-Specialized for conducting electrical impulses
-Major locations are brain, spinal cord and nerves |
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Term
| 2 Major Cell Types of Nervous Tissue |
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Definition
-Neurons: conduct impulses
-Neuroglial (Glial) Cells: supportingg cells and do not conduct impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of more than one tissue, which is usually a type of epithelial cell attached to a type of connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
-Mucous membranes
-Serous membranes
-Cutaneous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
-Mucosae
-Membranes that line hollow organs and connect to the exterior
-Usually stratified, squamous, or simple columnar epithelium attached to loose connective tissue known as lamina propria
-Adapted to absorb and secrete; normally secrete mucus, which lubricates both the respiratory and digestive tracts
-Color of mm is used to evaluate many conditions in the animal |
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Term
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Definition
-Serosa
-Membranes that line body cavities but do not connect to the exterior
-Simple squamous epithelium connected to a layer of loose connective (areolar) tissue
-Secretes a thin, watery fluid which reduces friction between parietal and visceral surfaces
-Named according to their location and organ |
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Term
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Definition
-Integument or skin
-Consist of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium attached to a layer of dense irregular connective tissue
-Provides durability, protection, and water-proofing |
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| Closest to the median plane |
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Definition
| Farthest from the medial plane |
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Definition
| The point closest to the backbone; used especially in reference to limbs |
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Definition
| The point farthest from the back bone; used esp. in reference to limbs |
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Definition
| Toward the head; used esp. in reference to limbs |
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Definition
| Toward the tail; used esp. in reference to limbs |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Bones found on the midline or attached to it (excludes limbs) |
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Definition
| All bones that are present in the limbs |
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Definition
-Support soft tissues of the body
-Protect vital organs
-Act as levers for muscle attachment
-Store minerals
-Produce blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
-Compact (dense) Bone
-Spongy (Cancellous) Bone |
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Term
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Definition
| -Has very few spaces, appears solid, provides strength and support -Made of haversian systems (osteons) |
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Term
| Haversian Canals or Osteons are Composed of... |
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Definition
-Central haversian canal: houses blood vessels and nerves
-Canaliculi: very small canals that radiate out, connecting all lacunae to each other and to the central haversian canal
-Lamellae: concentric rings of bone
-Lacunae: small spaces that house osteocytes |
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Term
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Definition
-No haversian systems
-Has large spaces between latticelike pieces of bone known as trabeculae
-Spaces are filled with marrow |
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Term
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Definition
-Osteoblast: immature bone cell that produces the bone matrix known as osteoid
-Osteocyte: mature bone cell; each cell occupies a lacunae in bone
-Osteoclast: very large multinucleated cells that are capable of dissolving bone matrix and releasing minerals which is a process known as osteolysis or resorption |
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Term
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Definition
-Long Bones
-Short Bones
-Flat Bones
-Pneumatic bones
-Irregular Bones
-Sesamoid bones |
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Term
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Definition
-Consist of a long cylindrical shaft (diaphysis), two ends (epiphyses), and a marrow cavity
-Main supporting bones of the body
-Parts: Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Articular cartilage, Periosteum, Endosteum, Medullary (marrow) cavity, Epiphyseal cartilage |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| proximal or distal end of the bone |
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Definition
| hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of the bones |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous membrane covering outside of bones; rich in blood, nerves and lymphatic vessels |
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Definition
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Term
| Medullary (marrow) Cavity |
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Definition
| space within the bone center that contains red and yellow marrow; red is hematopoietic tissue that produces blood cells; yellow is primarily fat |
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Term
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Definition
| region between diaphysis and epiphysis where bone grows in length; often referred to as the growth plate; becomes the epithyseal line in mature animals |
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Term
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Definition
-small, cube-shaped bones
-two thin layers of compact bone with spongy bone between the layers
-functions as shock absorbers |
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Definition
-thin, flat bones
-two layers of compact bone with spongy bone between the layers; resembles a sandwich
-have a protective function |
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Definition
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Definition
| -unpaired bones with complicated shapes that do not fit any other category |
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Definition
-short, small bones attached to tendons
-reduce friction along a joint |
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Term
| Osteogenesis (Ossification) |
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Definition
-Formation of bone
-Types: Endochondral and Intramembranous |
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Term
| Endochondral Ossification |
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Definition
-bones formed from cartilage bars laid down in the embryo
-majority of bones in the body are formed by this method |
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Term
| Intramembranous Ossification |
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Definition
-bones formed from fibrous membranes laid down in the embryo
-most flat bones are formed by this method
-osteoblasts produce new bone and become mature osteocytes |
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Term
| Skeletal Species Differences |
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Definition
-Cat has a clavicle, dog does not
-Male dogs have a nonarticulating bone (os penis) in the penis |
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Term
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Definition
-Formed when two or more bones are united by fibrous, elastic, or cartilaginous tissue
-Classification by function: Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, Diarthrosis
-Classification by structure: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial |
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Term
| Classification by function: Synarthrosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Classification by function: Amphiarthrosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Classification by function: Diarthrosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Classification by structure: Fibrous |
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Definition
| united by fibrous tissue; no joint cavity; synarthroses |
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Term
| Classification by structure: Cartilaginous |
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Definition
| united by cartilage; no joint cavity; amphiarthroses |
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Term
| Classification by structure: Synovial |
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Definition
-joint cavity filled with synovial fluid; synovial membrane and joint capsule; diarthroses
-majority of joints are synovial
-they are classified into several types: Ball and socket (spheroid), Arthrodial (condyloid), Trochoid (pivot); Hinge (ginglymus), Gliding, Saddle |
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| Muscular System Functions |
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Definition
-Produces movement of entire body or parts
-maintains posture
-produces heat |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Striated and voluntary
-cells are long, striated fibers that run parallel to each other
-cells are multinucleated with the nuclei on the periphery
-functional unit is the sarcomere
-each muscle fiber is a muscle cell consisting of many myofibrils
-myofibrils are composed of myofilaments (i.e. actin and myosin) |
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Term
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Definition
-visceral, nonstraited, involuntary
-cells are spindle shaped with one centrally located nucleus and no striations
-two types of smooth muscle: single unit or visceral smooth muscle and multiunit smooth muscle
-single-unit smooth muscle is found in sheets and forms the walls of many hollow organs; contraction occurs in waves
-multiunit smooth muscle is found as individual fibers, and the fibers are activated by the autonomic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
-myocardium
-involuntary striated cells that branch to form a network
-cells are joined by intercalated discs, which aid in conduction of nervous impulse to coordinate contraction |
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Term
| Contraction of skeletal muscle by mechanism described in the sliding-filament theory (steps) |
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Definition
1. a nerve impulse travels down a motor nerve axon
2. acetylecholine is released into the synaptic cleft, transmitting the impulse to the sarcolemma
3. impulse is conducted into the T tubules and to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
4. calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
5. calcium binds to troponin, which causes a change in the conformation of tropomyosin
6. this change exposes the myosin binding sites on the actin
7. ATP is hydrolyzed, providing the energy required for contraction
8. myosin binds to actin, forming cross bridges during this active phase of muscle contraction
9. myosin continues to attach, pull, and detach, which moves the actin toward the center of the sarcomere
10. when the nerve impulse stops, calcium is actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and muscle relaxes; energy i also required for relaxation
11. all-or-none principle states that muscle fibers either contract to their fullest or not at all |
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Term
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Definition
-Flexor
-Extensor
-Abductor
-Adductor
-Levator
-Depressor
-Sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually decreases the angle of a joint |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually increases the angle of a joint |
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Term
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Definition
| Moves a bone away from the midline |
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Term
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Definition
| Moves bone toward the midline |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces a dorsally directed movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces a ventrally directed movement |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases the size of an opening |
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Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) Consists of: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Cerebrum
-Diencephalon
-Brain stem
-Cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
-Site of motor control, interpretation of sensory impulses, and areas of association
-Basic arrangement consists of outer gray matter, which contains neuron cell bodies, and inner white matter, which consists mainly of axons
-Surface area increased by gyri (elevations) and sulci (fissures) |
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Term
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Definition
-Region of thalamus and hypothalamus
-Thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory impulses and interprets some sensations, such as temperature and pain
-Hypothalamus regulates many homeostatic functions (e.g. body temperature, fluid balance, thirst, urine output, food intake, emotion, and behavioral patterns) and has an important connection with the endocrine system |
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Term
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Definition
-Consists of midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
-Midbrain serves as a connecting link
-Pons contains important respiratory centers
-In the medulla oblongata, nerve fibers cross from left to right, and vice versa
-Medulla also influences respiratory rate, heart rate, vomiting, coughing and sneezing
-Throughout the brain stem is the reticular activating system (RAS), which is responsible for sleep/wake cycles |
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Term
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Definition
| -Responsible for coordination and balance |
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Term
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Definition
-Runs through the vertebral foramen
-Basic arrangement consists of outer white matter, which contains nerve fibers, and a butterfly-shaped inner region of gray matter composed of neuron cell bodies
-Contains ascending and descending nerve tracts
-Major function is to convey sensory (afferent) nerve impulses from the periphery to the brain and to conduct motor (efferent) nerve impulses from the brain to the periphery
-Brain and spinal cord are protected by bone and meninges |
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Term
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Definition
-Dura mater
-Arachnoid (arachnoidea) mater
-Pia mater
-Epidural space
-Subarachnoid space |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer of meninges composed of dense, fibrous connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| middle layer of meninges consisting of very delicate and elastic connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| transparent, delicate connective tissue that contains tiny blood vessels and adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| between bone and dura mater; contains loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and fat; injection of anesthetic agents into this region causes temporary nerve paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
| contains cerebrospinal fluid and large blood vessels |
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Term
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Definition
-Colorless, watery fluid; contains protein, glucose, ions and other substances
-pH and pressure are particularly important
-Cushions and nourishes the brain
-A lumbar or CSF tap is used for CSF sampling |
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