-aka flowering plants

-monophyletic

-a group composed of an ancestor and ALL of its descendants

-diagnosed by synapomorphies, and a clade

-Shared derived character.

-Character that arose in an ancestor of the group and is present in all (or most) of its members

-Useful in defining and describing taxa

plants with:

-a single cotyledon (leaf)

-radicle (embryonic root)aborting early in growth

-adventitious roots (roots develop from stems or leaves and not the radicle

- stems have scattered vascular bundles and usually lack secondary growth

-leaves have parallel venation

-flowers are 3-merous -pollen grains are usually monosulcate

-Chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence data

-plants with TWO cotyledons

-radicle not aborting

-stems with vascular bundles in a ring, often show secondary growth

-leaves form a pinnate to palmate patter -flowers 4- or 5-merous

-pollen grains tricolpate

plants with:

-with two cotyledons

-Pollen grains predominantly tricolpate or modifications thereof

-Nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial DNA sequence data

-Characters shared between basal lineages and eudicots

-Ancestral character states that are shared – May be misleading when defining and describing taxa

shared ancesteral characteristics with basal lineages:

-2 cotyledons

-persistent radicle

-stems w/ vascular bundles in a ring -secondary growth

-leaves with net venation

-basal families of angiosperms

Amborellaceae,

Nymphaceae,

Illiciaceae,

Trimenia,

Austrobaileya

-most ancient lineage

-part of ANITA

-water lilies

-part of ANITA

-monophyletic group of angiosperms

-more closely related to monocots and eudicots than ANITA

-includes Magnoliales, Laurales, Canellales, Piperales

Characteristics:

-are trees, shrubs, lianas

-alternate or opposite, usually pinnately veined, coriaceous leaves

-flowers have several to numerous parts -perianth arranged spirally or in several whorls of 3

-stamens are often laminar (filament poorly defined from anther)

-part of the "basal families"

-Aquatic, rhizomatous herbs

• Stems

– With scattered vascular bundles

– Conspicuous air canals

– Laticifers

• Produce mucilage (slime)

• Flowers

–Solitary with long pedicel to raise to surface of water or above

–Often numerous, petal-like staminodes -Species of Nymphaea, Nuphar, Victoria, and Cabomba are popular in ponds and/or aquariums

-Nuphar

-member of the Nymphaceae family

-popular in ponds/aquariams

-Trees or shrubs with ethereal oils -Leaves alternate and spiral often clustered at the tip of the shoot, simple, entire, pinnate venation

-Tepals usually numerous and distinct -Stamens usually numerous and distinct with poor differentiation between filament and anthers

-Carpels usually 7 to numerous,distinct, and present in a single whorl

-Fruit is a star-like aggregate of 1-seeded follicles. Seeds with a smooth, hard coat

-Anise oil is collected from Illicium verum (star anise). Medicinal and ornamental uses

-Trees or shrubs with ethereal oils -Leaves alternate and spiral or 2-ranked, simple, sometimes lobed, entire, pinnate venation. Blade with pellucid dots. -Stipules present, surrounding the terminal bud.

-Inflorescence a solitary, terminal flower -Flowers with an elongate receptacle. Tepals 6-numerous

-Stamens usually numerous and distinct, short and thick with poor differentiation between filament and anthers. Anthers with connective tissue extending beyond the apex of the pollen sac

-Carpels usually numerous, distinct, on an elongate receptacle. Stigma usually extending down style on adaxial surface -Fruit is an aggregate of follicles, which usually become closely appressed as they mature and open along their abaxial surfaces.

-Seeds with a red to orange, fleshy coat, usually dangling from a slender thread -Liriodendron tulipifera and several Magnolia species are important ornamentals and timber

-member of the Magnoliids family

-Usually herbaceous with stems with swollen nodes
– Often +/- palmate venation, soft textured
– Well differentiated stamens

Member of the magnoliids

• Trees with bark that exudes a reddish sap when slashed. Erect trunk with branches that appear to be whorled and
horizontal.
• Ethereal oils and hallucinogenic phenolics
• Leaves alternate, usually 2-ranked, simple, entire, pinnate venation, blade with pellucid dots, no stipules
• Flowers unisexual - usually dioecious. -Tepals 3 usually connate
• Stamens connate into a tube
• Carpel 1, ovule 1
• Fruit =/- leathery follicle, seed large with a colorful aril.
Ruminate endosperm
• Myristica fragrans provides nutmeg (seed) and mace (aril).

-member of the Illiciaceae

-star anise

-member of the order Laurales

• Trees or shrubs with ethereal oils
• Leaves alternate and spiral, sometimes opposite, never 2-ranked.
Simple, rarely lobed, entire with pinnate venation. Veins clearly visible, connected to adaxial and abaxial surface by lignified tissue. Pellucid dots. No stipules
• Flowers with distinctly concave receptacle, small, pale green, white, or
yellow
• Stamens 3-12, usually with a pair of nectar- or odor-producing appendages (staminodes). Inner stamens also often nectar- or odorproducing staminodes. Anther opens by flaps
• Fruit a drupe often associated with a persistent receptacle (and sometimes tepals) that contrast in color with the fruit
• Cinnamomum (cinnamon and camphor), Laurus nobilis (Bay leaves), Persea americanum (avacado), Sassafras albidum (sassafras), others in perfume and timber

-member of the order Piperales

• Herbs to small trees, sometimes epiphytes
• Swollen or jointed nodes
• Stems with vascular bundles in more than one ring or scattered
• Leaves with palmate venation, pellucid dots
• Inflorescence indeterminate of thick spikes densely covered with minute flowers
• Flowers inconspicuous with a broadly triangular peltate bract. Perianth lacking
• Fruit is a drupe
• Black and white pepper Piper nigrum

-monocot

• Terrestrial to aquatic herbs with rhizomes or corms, vines with aerial roots, epiphytes, floating aquatics
• Grooved raphide crystals of calcium oxalate cause irritation of the mouth if eaten
• Leaf with well developed blade, simple or compound, parallel, pinnate, or palmate venation
• Inflorescence = spike: spathe and spadix
– Spathe – a large leaf/petal like bract that surrounds spadix
– Spadix – spike of numerous small flowers packed onto a fleshy axis
• Taro (Alocasia and Colocasia) with starchy corms –must remove irritants
• Ornamentals (esp indoor): Philodendron, calla lily, Anthurium, Spathiphyllum, Caladium, Aglaonema

-monocot

• Herbs with bulbs and contractile roots
• Inflorescence determinate, sometimes reduced to a single flower.
• Usually conspicuous flowers. Tepals with spots and/or lines.
• Superior ovary
• Nectar produced at the base of tepals
• Fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule
• No phytomelan on seed coat (not black)
• Important ornamental species

-monocot

• Seed coat outer epidermal cells obliterated (in fleshy fruits) or with a carbonaceous, black phytomelan crust in dry-fruited species
• Sepals without spots or lines
• Nectaries in the septa of the ovaries
• Some family treatments unclear

-monocot

• Usually large rosette herbs, trees, or shrubs
• Anomalous secondary growth
• Leaves in rosettes at base or ends of branches, usually ending in a sharp spine at apex. Vascular bundles associated with thick, tough fibers
• Inflorescences usually determinate, paniculate
• Flowers often white or yellow
• 6 stamens, 3 carpels ovary superior or inferior
• Agave for sisal hemp (also Yucca), or to produce tequila and mescal
• Ornamentals include Agave, Hosta, Yucca, Manfreda

-monocot

• Herbs with a bulb and contractile roots, reduced stems, laticifers with +/- clear latex with sulfurous compounds (onion/garlic smell)
• Inflorescences determinate of one or more helicoid cymes that appear to be an umbel, subtended by a few membranous bracts at the end of a long scape.
• Individual flowers not associated with bracts, sometimes with a corona
• Stamens 6, Superior ovary
• Garlic, onion, shallots, chives leeks (Allium), important vegetables/flavoring. Sap is mildly antiseptic and used medicinally, Several ornamentals

-monocot

• Herbs with a bulb and contractile roots, reduced stems
• Usually 2-ranked leaves
• Inflorescences determinate of one or more helicoid cymes that appear to be an umbel, sometimes reduced to a single flower, subtended by a few membranous bracts at the end of a long scape.
• Flowers showy, each associated with a filiform bract. Sometimes associated with a corona
• Stamens 6, sometimes adnate to the perianth, inferior ovary, 3-lobed stigma
• Ornamentals: Crinum, Eucharis, Galanthus, Haemanthus (blood lily), Hippeastrum (amaryllis), Hymenocaliis (spider lily), Narcissus (daffodil), Zephyranthes (rain lily), Amaryllis

-monocot

• Rhizomatous herbs to trees or shrubs, stems often with anomalous secondary growth
• Leaves alternate, spiral or 2-ranked in rosettes at the base or ends of branches. Often succulent, entire to spinose-serrate, often with vascular bundles
arranged in a ring around the central
mucilaginous tissue, with parrenchymatous inner bundle sheath cells
• Inflorescences indeterminate, terminal
• Tepals distinct to strongly connate
• Stamens 6, ovary superior

-monocot

• Herbs with rhizomes, corms, or bulbs
• Styloids of calcium oxalate in sheaths of vascular bundles
• Leaves alternate, 2-ranked and equitant and with a unifacial blade
• Inflorescence determinate, a scorpiod cyme often reduced to a single flower
• Petals sometimes with spots or lines
• Stamens 3, filaments sometimes adnate to perianth
• Carpels 3, inferior ovary, style branches
sometimes expanded and petaloid
• Crocus sativa stigmas are the source of saffron.
Many ornamentals: Crocus, Tigridia, Freesia, Iris, Ixia, Gladiolus, Crocosmia

-monocot

• Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs with rhizomes, corms, or root-like tubers, stems often basally thickened forming pseudobulbs.
Roots strongly mycorrhizal, often with specialized epidermis (velamen)
• Leaves often plicate, basal, or along the stem, sheathing at base
• Inflorescences indeterminate
• Flowers resupinate (twisted 180°), usually showy, median petal clearly differentiated forming a lip or labellum. Stamens 3 or less – usually 1 or 2, adnate to style and stigma forming a collumn.
• Pollen usually grouped into masses (pollinia)
• Carpels 3, ovary inferior
• Seeds lacking phytomelan, embryo minute, endosperm lacking

-monocot

• Trees or shrubs with unbranched trunks. Apex of stem with a large apical meristem but no secondary growth
• Leaves often crowded into a terminal crown, simple and entire, but often splitting in a pinnate or palmate fashion as the leaf expands. Differentiated into petiole and blade. Plicate – induplicate VVV or Reduplicate AAA
• Beetle polination
• Fruit is a drupe
• Many economically important species for food, fiber, oil, wax, and ornamentals

-monocot

• New world epiphytes
• Leaves strap-shaped and basal forming a
rosette - tank that holds water (and other
organisms). Hairs on leave absorb water.
• Roots with reduced xylem – only supportive
• Flowers often in the axils of brightly colored bracts
• Plants with superior ovaries -> capsule
• Plants with inferior ovaries -> berry
– This plant type often has spiny leaf margins

-monocot

• Rounded, hollow stems with 2-ranked leaves.
• Leaves linear to lanceolate. Blade with an open sheath and ligule
• Flowers minute, wind pollinated, associated with 2 small bracts – the lemna and palea, occurring in spikelets. 2 lower bracts of the spikelet glumes.
Inflorescence is a compact spike or open raceme.
• 3 stamens with saggitate (arrow shaped) anthers
• 2 carpels with feathery stigmas
• Fruit is a caryopsis

-eudicot

• Usually herbs
• Betacyanins present – pink/red/purple pigment in flowers and sometimes in stems and leaves
• Opposite leaves – the leaf pair often connected by a transverse nodal line. Nodes often swollen. Leaves simple, pinnate venation, entire margins, often narrow.
• Inflorescence an open, obvious cyme
• Tepals 4-5, usually appearing to be tepals. True petals sometimes lacking but possessing staminate petals – usually bilobed
• Fruit a loculicidal capsule
• Economically important ornamentals: carnations, pinks, babies breath

-eudicot

• Xeric, succulents. Spines in clusters and often glochids. Photosynthetic stems with watery sap
• Betacyanins present. CAM metabolism and associated anatomy
• Flowers usually borne singly with flowers sunken into a modified branch. Often with hypanthium.
Outer portion of ovary spine bearing.
• Numerous tepals, numerous stamens. Ovary inferior
• Fruit is a berry with nodes and internodes and spines due to the outer layer actually stem tissue
• Economically important food plants – prickly pear berries and pads. Ornamentals. Hallucinogenic Lophophora (mescaline)

-Malpighiales order

• ETREMELY VARIABLE!!
• Herbaceous, woody, succulent. Often with milky sap with alkaloids (careful! poisonous)
• Imperfect flowers. May have a cyathium – a ‘false flower’
• 3 carpels – 3 lobed ovary -> 3 lobed fruit
• Economically Important Plants:
Rubber tree (Hevea) source of most naturla rubber, tung and candlenut trees (Aleurites) – oil for paint/varnish, Sapium (Chinese tallow tree – wax, poisons, food (manioc, cassava, yuca), ornamentals (poinsettia, crown-of-thorns, Jatropha, crotons, chenille plant, et alB)

-Malpighiales order

• Mostly herbaceous with well developed stipules and alternate leaves.
• Flowers bilateraly symmetrical often with a nectar spur. Plunger pollination (an outcrossing mechanism)
• 5 stamens in a tight ring around the gynoecium. Short filaments, anthers with dorsal nectaries. Pollen sheds inward.
• Unusual style and stigma – style curved or hooked and stigma expanded but with a small receptive surface
• Economically important ornamentals (viola) and medicinally Hybanthus can be used as a substitute for ipecac

-subfamily of the Fabaceae

-Often woody with twice pinnately compound leaves that may close at night. -Radially symmetrical flowers with small perianth parts.

-Large tuft of stamens, usually opening simultaneously in densely packed inflorescences.

-Seeds with a pleurogram – U-shaped line

-subfamily of the Fabaceae

-Often woody with pinnate or twice
pinnately compound leaves.

-Bilaterally symmetrical, showy flowers (usually) with upper petal innermost.
-Usually no pleurogram on seed

-subfamily of the Fabaceae

-Herbs, shrubs, or trees with pinnately
compound or trifoliate leaves.

-Bilaterally symmetrical, showy flowers with upper petal outermost and enclosing
the other petals (banner). The 2 lower petals fused (keel).
-No pleurogram on seed

-part of the order Rosales

• Herbs, shrubs, and trees with compound or simple, alternate, stipulate leaves with serrate margins.Thorns sometimes present. Produce cyanogenic glycosides
• Showy, radially symmetrical, 5-merous flowers with a hypanthium, a nectar ring, and numerous stamens.
• Fruit is variable
• 3 subfamilies: Rosoideae, Dryadoideae,
Spireoideae
• Economically important as ornamentals, food (apples, pears, plums, peach, apricot, raspberry, blackberry, strawberry), and timber

Moraceae  (figs)

-part of Euasterids I (Lamiids)

• Woody or herbaceous. Contain alkaloids but no milky sap. Leaves alternate and spiral, simple, sometimes deeply lobed to pinnately compound
• Flowers folded in bud. 5 fused petals show fold lines when open. Radially symmetrical. Sepals obviously fused.
• # stamens = # coralla lobes. Filaments adnate to corolla. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits or terminal pores
• 2 fused carpels
• Numerous seeds in a capsule or berry
• Economically important: poison/drugs – Nicotiana, Atropa, Datura. Food – Capsicum, Solanum (tomato, eggplant, potato). Ornamentals –

-type of Euasterids I (Lamiids)

• Mostly woody or herbaceous. Leaves opposite or whorled, usually entire with pinnate venation, interpetiolar stipules. No milky sap.
• Perfect, radial flowers, with 4-5 connate petals in cymose inflorescences. Often heterostylous (2 flower types, one with short stamens and long style
and one with long stamens and short style) to promote outcrossing.
• # stamens = # coralla lobes, adnate to corolla
• Inferior ovary
• Economically important: Coffee!! Quinine, ipecac.
Madder (Rubia tinctoria) = red dye. Ornamentals:  Gardenia, Hamelia, Pentas, Randia, Ixora