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Angiosperm Exam 3
chapter 9
57
Biology
Undergraduate 3
04/17/2010

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Term
angiosperms
Definition

-aka flowering plants

-monophyletic

Term
monophyletic group
Definition

-a group composed of an ancestor and ALL of its descendants

-diagnosed by synapomorphies, and a clade

Term
synapomorphies
Definition

-Shared derived character.

-Character that arose in an ancestor of the group and is present in all (or most) of its members

-Useful in defining and describing taxa

Term
monocots
Definition

plants with:

-a single cotyledon (leaf)

-radicle (embryonic root)aborting early in growth

-adventitious roots (roots develop from stems or leaves and not the radicle

- stems have scattered vascular bundles and usually lack secondary growth

-leaves have parallel venation

-flowers are 3-merous -pollen grains are usually monosulcate

-Chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence data

Term
dicots
Definition

-plants with TWO cotyledons

-radicle not aborting

-stems with vascular bundles in a ring, often show secondary growth

-leaves form a pinnate to palmate patter -flowers 4- or 5-merous

-pollen grains tricolpate

Term
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG)
Definition
-Group of scientists that are working towards completing the phylogenetic tree of ALL angiosperms
Term
eudicots
Definition

plants with:

-with two cotyledons

-Pollen grains predominantly tricolpate or modifications thereof

-Nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial DNA sequence data

Term
symplesiomorphies
Definition

-Characters shared between basal lineages and eudicots

-Ancestral character states that are shared – May be misleading when defining and describing taxa

Term
basal angiosperms
Definition
-plants that are neither monocots nor eudicots
Term
eudicots sympleisomorphies
Definition

shared ancesteral characteristics with basal lineages:

-2 cotyledons

-persistent radicle

-stems w/ vascular bundles in a ring -secondary growth

-leaves with net venation

Term
ANITA
Definition

-basal families of angiosperms

Amborellaceae,

Nymphaceae,

Illiciaceae,

Trimenia,

Austrobaileya

Term
Amborellaceae
Definition

-most ancient lineage

-part of ANITA

Term
Nymphaceae
Definition

-water lilies

-part of ANITA

Term
Magnoliids
Definition

-monophyletic group of angiosperms

-more closely related to monocots and eudicots than ANITA

-includes Magnoliales, Laurales, Canellales, Piperales

Term
Magnoliids
Definition

Characteristics:

-are trees, shrubs, lianas

-alternate or opposite, usually pinnately veined, coriaceous leaves

-flowers have several to numerous parts -perianth arranged spirally or in several whorls of 3

-stamens are often laminar (filament poorly defined from anther)

Term
basal lineage
Definition
is a genetic lineage that connects a variant allele (type) possessed by a more common ancestor that evolves into two descendant variants possessed by a branch ancestor
Term
Nymphaceae (water lily family)
Definition

-part of the "basal families"

-Aquatic, rhizomatous herbs

• Stems

– With scattered vascular bundles

– Conspicuous air canals

Laticifers

Produce mucilage (slime)

• Flowers

–Solitary with long pedicel to raise to surface of water or above

–Often numerous, petal-like staminodes -Species of Nymphaea, Nuphar, Victoria, and Cabomba are popular in ponds and/or aquariums

Term
[image]
Definition

-Nuphar

-member of the Nymphaceae family

-popular in ponds/aquariams

Term
Illiciaceae
Definition

-Trees or shrubs with ethereal oils -Leaves alternate and spiral often clustered at the tip of the shoot, simple, entire, pinnate venation

-Tepals usually numerous and distinct -Stamens usually numerous and distinct with poor differentiation between filament and anthers

-Carpels usually 7 to numerous,distinct, and present in a single whorl

-Fruit is a star-like aggregate of 1-seeded follicles. Seeds with a smooth, hard coat

-Anise oil is collected from Illicium verum (star anise). Medicinal and ornamental uses

Term
Magnoliaceae (magnolia family)
Definition

-Trees or shrubs with ethereal oils -Leaves alternate and spiral or 2-ranked, simple, sometimes lobed, entire, pinnate venation. Blade with pellucid dots. -Stipules present, surrounding the terminal bud.

-Inflorescence a solitary, terminal flower -Flowers with an elongate receptacle. Tepals 6-numerous

-Stamens usually numerous and distinct, short and thick with poor differentiation between filament and anthers. Anthers with connective tissue extending beyond the apex of the pollen sac

-Carpels usually numerous, distinct, on an elongate receptacle. Stigma usually extending down style on adaxial surface -Fruit is an aggregate of follicles, which usually become closely appressed as they mature and open along their abaxial surfaces.

-Seeds with a red to orange, fleshy coat, usually dangling from a slender thread -Liriodendron tulipifera and several Magnolia species are important ornamentals and timber

Term
Piperales
Definition

-member of the Magnoliids family

-Usually herbaceous with stems with swollen nodes
– Often +/- palmate venation, soft textured
– Well differentiated stamens

Term
Myristicaceae (Nutmeg family)
Definition

Member of the magnoliids

• Trees with bark that exudes a reddish sap when slashed. Erect trunk with branches that appear to be whorled and
horizontal.
• Ethereal oils and hallucinogenic phenolics
• Leaves alternate, usually 2-ranked, simple, entire, pinnate venation, blade with pellucid dots, no stipules
• Flowers unisexual - usually dioecious. -Tepals 3 usually connate
Stamens connate into a tube
• Carpel 1, ovule 1
• Fruit =/- leathery follicle, seed large with a colorful aril.
Ruminate endosperm
• Myristica fragrans provides nutmeg (seed) and mace (aril).

Term
[image]
Definition

-member of the Illiciaceae

-star anise

Term
Lauraceae (Laurel Family)
Definition

-member of the order Laurales

• Trees or shrubs with ethereal oils
• Leaves alternate and spiral, sometimes opposite, never 2-ranked.
Simple, rarely lobed, entire with pinnate venation. Veins clearly visible, connected to adaxial and abaxial surface by lignified tissue. Pellucid dots. No stipules
• Flowers with distinctly concave receptacle, small, pale green, white, or
yellow
• Stamens 3-12, usually with a pair of nectar- or odor-producing appendages (staminodes). Inner stamens also often nectar- or odorproducing staminodes. Anther opens by flaps
• Fruit a drupe often associated with a persistent receptacle (and sometimes tepals) that contrast in color with the fruit
• Cinnamomum (cinnamon and camphor), Laurus nobilis (Bay leaves), Persea americanum (avacado), Sassafras albidum (sassafras), others in perfume and timber

Term
Piperaceae (Pepper family)
Definition

-member of the order Piperales

• Herbs to small trees, sometimes epiphytes
• Swollen or jointed nodes
• Stems with vascular bundles in more than one ring or scattered
• Leaves with palmate venation, pellucid dots
• Inflorescence indeterminate of thick spikes densely covered with minute flowers
• Flowers inconspicuous with a broadly triangular peltate bract. Perianth lacking
• Fruit is a drupe
• Black and white pepper Piper nigrum

Term
Araceae (elephant ears and peace lilies)
Definition

-monocot

• Terrestrial to aquatic herbs with rhizomes or corms, vines with aerial roots, epiphytes, floating aquatics
• Grooved raphide crystals of calcium oxalate cause irritation of the mouth if eaten
• Leaf with well developed blade, simple or compound, parallel, pinnate, or palmate venation
• Inflorescence = spike: spathe and spadix
– Spathe – a large leaf/petal like bract that surrounds spadix
– Spadix – spike of numerous small flowers packed onto a fleshy axis
• Taro (Alocasia and Colocasia) with starchy corms –must remove irritants
• Ornamentals (esp indoor): Philodendron, calla lily, Anthurium, Spathiphyllum, Caladium, Aglaonema

Term
Liliaceae (lily)
Definition

-monocot

• Herbs with bulbs and contractile roots
• Inflorescence determinate, sometimes reduced to a single flower.
• Usually conspicuous flowers. Tepals with spots and/or lines.
• Superior ovary
• Nectar produced at the base of tepals
• Fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule
• No phytomelan on seed coat (not black)
• Important ornamental species

Term
Asparagales
Definition

-monocot

• Seed coat outer epidermal cells obliterated (in fleshy fruits) or with a carbonaceous, black phytomelan crust in dry-fruited species
• Sepals without spots or lines
• Nectaries in the septa of the ovaries
• Some family treatments unclear

Term
Agavaceae
Definition

-monocot

• Usually large rosette herbs, trees, or shrubs
• Anomalous secondary growth
• Leaves in rosettes at base or ends of branches, usually ending in a sharp spine at apex. Vascular bundles associated with thick, tough fibers
• Inflorescences usually determinate, paniculate
• Flowers often white or yellow
• 6 stamens, 3 carpels ovary superior or inferior
• Agave for sisal hemp (also Yucca), or to produce tequila and mescal
• Ornamentals include Agave, Hosta, Yucca, Manfreda

Term
Alliaceae – onion and garlic
Definition

-monocot

• Herbs with a bulb and contractile roots, reduced stems, laticifers with +/- clear latex with sulfurous compounds (onion/garlic smell)
• Inflorescences determinate of one or more helicoid cymes that appear to be an umbel, subtended by a few membranous bracts at the end of a long scape.
• Individual flowers not associated with bracts, sometimes with a corona
• Stamens 6, Superior ovary
• Garlic, onion, shallots, chives leeks (Allium), important vegetables/flavoring. Sap is mildly antiseptic and used medicinally, Several ornamentals

Term
Amaryllidaceae
Definition

-monocot

• Herbs with a bulb and contractile roots, reduced stems
• Usually 2-ranked leaves
• Inflorescences determinate of one or more helicoid cymes that appear to be an umbel, sometimes reduced to a single flower, subtended by a few membranous bracts at the end of a long scape.
• Flowers showy, each associated with a filiform bract. Sometimes associated with a corona
• Stamens 6, sometimes adnate to the perianth, inferior ovary, 3-lobed stigma
• Ornamentals: Crinum, Eucharis, Galanthus, Haemanthus (blood lily), Hippeastrum (amaryllis), Hymenocaliis (spider lily), Narcissus (daffodil), Zephyranthes (rain lily), Amaryllis

Term
Asphodeliaceae (Aloe)
Definition

-monocot

• Rhizomatous herbs to trees or shrubs, stems often with anomalous secondary growth
• Leaves alternate, spiral or 2-ranked in rosettes at the base or ends of branches. Often succulent, entire to spinose-serrate, often with vascular bundles
arranged in a ring around the central
mucilaginous tissue,
with parrenchymatous inner bundle sheath cells
• Inflorescences indeterminate, terminal
• Tepals distinct to strongly connate
• Stamens 6, ovary superior

Term
Iridaceae (Iris)
Definition

-monocot

• Herbs with rhizomes, corms, or bulbs
• Styloids of calcium oxalate in sheaths of vascular bundles
• Leaves alternate, 2-ranked and equitant and with a unifacial blade
• Inflorescence determinate, a scorpiod cyme often reduced to a single flower
• Petals sometimes with spots or lines
• Stamens 3, filaments sometimes adnate to perianth
• Carpels 3, inferior ovary, style branches
sometimes expanded and petaloid
• Crocus sativa stigmas are the source of saffron.
Many ornamentals: Crocus, Tigridia, Freesia, Iris, Ixia, Gladiolus, Crocosmia

Term
Orchidaceae (Orchids)
Definition

-monocot

• Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs with rhizomes, corms, or root-like tubers, stems often basally thickened forming pseudobulbs.
Roots strongly mycorrhizal, often with specialized epidermis (velamen)
• Leaves often plicate, basal, or along the stem, sheathing at base
• Inflorescences indeterminate
• Flowers resupinate (twisted 180°), usually showy, median petal clearly differentiated forming a lip or labellum. Stamens 3 or less – usually 1 or 2, adnate to style and stigma forming a collumn.
• Pollen usually grouped into masses (pollinia)
• Carpels 3, ovary inferior
• Seeds lacking phytomelan, embryo minute, endosperm lacking

Term
Aracaceae (Palm trees)
Definition

-monocot

• Trees or shrubs with unbranched trunks. Apex of stem with a large apical meristem but no secondary growth
• Leaves often crowded into a terminal crown, simple and entire, but often splitting in a pinnate or palmate fashion as the leaf expands. Differentiated into petiole and blade. Plicate – induplicate VVV or Reduplicate AAA
• Beetle polination
• Fruit is a drupe
• Many economically important species for food, fiber, oil, wax, and ornamentals

Term
Bromeliaceae (Bromeliads)
Definition

-monocot

• New world epiphytes
• Leaves strap-shaped and basal forming a
rosette - tank that holds water (and other
organisms). Hairs on leave absorb water.
• Roots with reduced xylem – only supportive
• Flowers often in the axils of brightly colored bracts
• Plants with superior ovaries -> capsule
• Plants with inferior ovaries -> berry
– This plant type often has spiny leaf margins

Term
Poaceae (grass)
Definition

-monocot

• Rounded, hollow stems with 2-ranked leaves.
• Leaves linear to lanceolate. Blade with an open sheath and ligule
• Flowers minute, wind pollinated, associated with 2 small bracts – the lemna and palea, occurring in spikelets. 2 lower bracts of the spikelet glumes.
Inflorescence is a compact spike or open raceme.
• 3 stamens with saggitate (arrow shaped) anthers
• 2 carpels with feathery stigmas
• Fruit is a caryopsis

Term
Eudicots (Tricolpate Dicots)
Definition
• Largest major Angiosperm
clade
• Synapomorphies:
– Tricolpate pollen
– Nucleotide sequence data
• Other characters that are useful in recognizing this group
– Flowers arranged in whorls
with members of individual whorls alternating
– Presence of differentiated perianth
– Staminal filaments usually slender and distinct from the anther
Term
Caryophyllaceae (carnations)
Definition

-eudicot

• Usually herbs
• Betacyanins present – pink/red/purple pigment in flowers and sometimes in stems and leaves
• Opposite leaves – the leaf pair often connected by a transverse nodal line. Nodes often swollen. Leaves simple, pinnate venation, entire margins, often narrow.
• Inflorescence an open, obvious cyme
• Tepals 4-5, usually appearing to be tepals. True petals sometimes lacking but possessing staminate petals – usually bilobed
• Fruit a loculicidal capsule
• Economically important ornamentals: carnations, pinks, babies breath

Term
Cactaceae (cacti)
Definition

-eudicot

• Xeric, succulents. Spines in clusters and often glochids. Photosynthetic stems with watery sap
• Betacyanins present. CAM metabolism and associated anatomy
• Flowers usually borne singly with flowers sunken into a modified branch. Often with hypanthium.
Outer portion of ovary spine bearing.
• Numerous tepals, numerous stamens. Ovary inferior
• Fruit is a berry with nodes and internodes and spines due to the outer layer actually stem tissue
• Economically important food plants – prickly pear berries and pads. Ornamentals. Hallucinogenic Lophophora (mescaline)

Term
Euphorbiaceae
Definition

-Malpighiales order

• ETREMELY VARIABLE!!
• Herbaceous, woody, succulent. Often with milky sap with alkaloids (careful! poisonous)
• Imperfect flowers
. May have a cyathium – a ‘false flower’
• 3 carpels – 3 lobed ovary -> 3 lobed fruit
• Economically Important Plants:
Rubber tree (Hevea) source of most naturla rubber, tung and candlenut trees (Aleurites) – oil for paint/varnish, Sapium (Chinese tallow tree – wax, poisons, food (manioc, cassava, yuca), ornamentals (poinsettia, crown-of-thorns, Jatropha, crotons, chenille plant, et alB)

Term
Violaceae (violets)!
Definition

-Malpighiales order

• Mostly herbaceous with well developed stipules and alternate leaves.
• Flowers bilateraly symmetrical often with a nectar spur. Plunger pollination (an outcrossing mechanism)
• 5 stamens in a tight ring around the gynoecium. Short filaments, anthers with dorsal nectaries. Pollen sheds inward.
• Unusual style and stigma – style curved or hooked and stigma expanded but with a small receptive surface
• Economically important ornamentals (viola) and medicinally Hybanthus can be used as a substitute for ipecac

Term
Fabaceae =Leguminosae (beans)
Definition
• Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines. Alternate
compound leaves with stipules. Leaflets
have a pulvinus at the base. Roots are
associated with nitrogen fixing bacteria in
nodules
• Fruit is a legume which opens at both
sutures. Seeds lack endosperm
• Economically important as food (peanuts,
beans, tofu, food additives (gums and resins), forage (alfalpha, clover), poisons, dye (indigo), timber
Term
Mimisiodeae
Definition

-subfamily of the Fabaceae

-Often woody with twice pinnately compound leaves that may close at night. -Radially symmetrical flowers with small perianth parts.

-Large tuft of stamens, usually opening simultaneously in densely packed inflorescences.

-Seeds with a pleurogram – U-shaped line

Term
"Caesalpinioideae”
Definition

-subfamily of the Fabaceae

-Often woody with pinnate or twice
pinnately compound leaves.

-Bilaterally symmetrical, showy flowers (usually) with upper petal innermost.
-Usually no pleurogram on seed

Term
Faboideae
Definition

-subfamily of the Fabaceae

-Herbs, shrubs, or trees with pinnately
compound or trifoliate leaves.

-Bilaterally symmetrical, showy flowers with upper petal outermost and enclosing
the other petals (banner). The 2 lower petals fused (keel).
-No pleurogram on seed

Term
Rosaceae (rose)
Definition

-part of the order Rosales

• Herbs, shrubs, and trees with compound or simple, alternate, stipulate leaves with serrate margins.Thorns sometimes present. Produce cyanogenic glycosides
• Showy, radially symmetrical, 5-merous flowers with a hypanthium, a nectar ring, and numerous stamens.
• Fruit is variable
• 3 subfamilies: Rosoideae, Dryadoideae,
Spireoideae
• Economically important as ornamentals, food (apples, pears, plums, peach, apricot, raspberry, blackberry, strawberry), and timber

Term

Moraceae  (figs)

 

Definition
• Usually woody plants with alternate, stipulate leaves that are (often) palmately veined. Produces milky sap and CaCO3 crystals.
• Very reduced flowers packed together in strange inflorescences. Imperfect (monoecious) with 2 carpels. Resulting in various types of odd multiple fruits.
• Symbiotic relationships with wasp (wasp
pollination).
• Economically important species – edible fruits (figs, mulberries, jackfruit, breadfruit, breadnut), timber, food for silkworms, ornamentals.
Term
Fagaceae (oak, beech)
Definition
Woody plants with alternate, simple, often lobed, stipulate leaves with simple or stellate hairs. May have glandular hairs. Produce tannins.
• Imperfect, monoecious. Determinate
inflorescences, catkins, solitary, or cymes
Fruit is a nut that is surrounded by a spiny or scaly cupule (in basal species an achene)
• Economically important species: chestnuts (Castanea), timber, cork (Quercus suber)
Term
Juglandaceae (walnuts, pecans, hickory)
Definition
• Woody plants with alternate, pinnately compound leaves and stellate hairs that produce odors. Tannins produced. Stipules lacking
• Imperfect flowers, monoecious. Only male flowers found in catkins. Inconspicuous perianth, 2 expanded, fused carpels. Each flower is associated with1 bract and 2 bracteoles, carpels partially or entirely adnate to bracteoles, and often to the bract as well. Bracts are sometimes 3 lobed, often expanded forming a wing associated with the fruit or forming part of a cuplike husk that surrounds the fruit.
• Embryo sometimes with corrugate cotyledons
• Economically important species: walnut, pecans, hiskory nuts. Timber and ornamental trees.
Term
Brassicaceae
Definition
• Woods or herbaceous plants that produce glucosinolates (mustard oil glucosides) and with myrosin cells. Leaves alternate, may be in basal rosette, often pinnately disected or lobed.
• Inflorescences indeterminate. Flowers 4-merous in the shape of a cross with many stamens sticking up in a tuft. Receptacle prolonged, forming +/-
elongated gynophore. Carpels 2.
• Fruit = capsule or silique. Silique = capsule with seeds on a persistent, thickened rim (replum), may also have a persistent septum between the replum
• Economically important: Food: capers, radish, cabage, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, brussel sprouts, kohllrabi, turnip, mustard, horseraddish, canola oil. Ornamentals
Term
Malvaceae
Definition
• Woody or herbaceous plants with mucilage canals. Alternate leaves often palmately lobed and veined, sometimes palmately compound. Entire to serrate with malvoid teeth – major vein unexpanded and ending at the tooth apex). Stipules present.
• Flowers showy, associated with bracts that form an epicalyx. Often with fused sepals and separate petals. Hairs on calyx produce nectar that flows through partitions in the petals
• Stamens often connate, forming a tube around the gynoecium. Half stamens. Basal members with free stamens.
• Fruit = usually a capsule or schizocarp. Seeds sometimes with hairs or arilate
• Economically important species – Edible: chocolate, cola,  durian, okra. Timber: Balsa wood, bass wood, linden. Hairs on seeds: cotton, kapok. Lots of ornamentals: hibiscus, turkscap, hollyhock, mallowsB
Term
Asterids (Sympetalae)
Definition
• Large, specialized group of tricolpates
• Monophyletic
– DNA sequence data
• Core asterid synapomorphies:
– # Stamens = # petals
– Epipetalous stamens
– Sympetalous corolla
• Ericales and Cornales sister to core asterids
• Core asterids contain 2 main groups – lamiids (euasterids I) and campanulids (euasterids II)
Term
Solanaceae (tomatoes, potatoes, peppers)
Definition

-part of Euasterids I (Lamiids)

• Woody or herbaceous. Contain alkaloids but no milky sap. Leaves alternate and spiral, simple, sometimes deeply lobed to pinnately compound
• Flowers folded in bud. 5 fused petals show fold lines when open. Radially symmetrical. Sepals obviously fused.
• # stamens = # coralla lobes. Filaments adnate to corolla. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits or terminal pores
• 2 fused carpels
• Numerous seeds in a capsule or berry
• Economically important: poison/drugs – Nicotiana, Atropa, Datura. Food – Capsicum, Solanum (tomato, eggplant, potato). Ornamentals –

Term
Rubiaceae  (coffee)
Definition

-type of Euasterids I (Lamiids)

• Mostly woody or herbaceous. Leaves opposite or whorled, usually entire with pinnate venation, interpetiolar stipules. No milky sap.
• Perfect, radial flowers, with 4-5 connate petals in cymose inflorescences. Often heterostylous (2 flower types, one with short stamens and long style
and one with long stamens and short style) to promote outcrossing.
• # stamens = # coralla lobes, adnate to corolla
• Inferior ovary
• Economically important: Coffee!! Quinine, ipecac.
Madder (Rubia tinctoria) = red dye. Ornamentals:  Gardenia, Hamelia, Pentas, Randia, Ixora

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