-the modified shoot (or floral axis)

-shows the flower parts

-female structures; produce and protect ovules

-the site of pollination and fertilization

-all the carpels of the flower

-structure that makes up the perianth, when the perianth part are undifferentiated

-an ovule-bearing unit(s) that make up the gynoecium

-nectar producing glands often found near the base of the androecium and gynoecium

-often form projections, lobes, or disklike strucutures

-also produced in nectar spurs formed by floral parts (petals)

-liked parts aren't fused

-opposite of connation

-flowers where a cuplike or tubular structure surrounds the gynoecium, but without being adnate (fused together) to it

-perianth and androecium are attached to the the rim of the hypanthium (floral cup)

-has a superior ovary

- a genetic incompatibility system

-pollen doesn't germinate (seed doesn't grow)

-depends on single allele of haploid pollen

-a type of pollination

-"sex with self" 

-pollen transfer within a flower

-no need for a pollen vector

-automatic self-pollination

-smart way to reproduce because it doesn't require a lot of energy

Floral characteristics of this type of pollination:

– Small, inconspicuous(not noticeable) flowers

– Petals don’t open ... no need to

– Bisexual flowers

– Stamens and stigma in close proximity

– Stamens and stigma mature at same time

-CAN'T occur in monoecious species

Floral characteristics for "sex w/ a neighbor" pollination

– Colorful, showy flowers (for animal pollination)

– Flowers open for wind or pollinator access

– Stamens and stigma can be spatially separated

– Stamens and stigma can mature at different times

Floral characteristics for this type of pollination:

– Colorful, showy flowers (for animal pollination)

– Flowers open for wind or pollinator access

– Stamens and stigma can be spatially separated

– Stamens and stigma can mature at different times

-Evolved early in land plants (gymnosperms)

-ancesteral characteristic

-Most common in temperate trees

-type of pollination

-an animal pollinator

Attracted to: 

-Red flowers

-Tubular flowers can be penetrated by long beak

-Odorless (they have poor sense of smell)

-Large amounts of nectar (they are endothermic and have high energy needs)

-No landing platform (they can hover)

-a type of animal pollinator

Attracted to:

-Large flowers, open at night

-musky scent

-dull color

-They visit primarily for nectar (ex bananas, mangoes)

-are rare in temperate regions

-an animal pollinator

Floral characteristics of pollinated plants:

-Flowers dull in color 

-Fruity fragrance 

-Flowers “tough” 

-Superior ovary 

-Many carpels and stamens (they eat them)

-a type of animal pollinator

Characterisitics of pollinated flowers:

-Crepuscular (evening) or nocturnal opening of flowers

- Flowers white or pale in color 

-Heavy, sweet fragrance (at night)

-Very long corolla tube (to match their long mouthparts) 

-May not have “landing platform” as some of them can hover in flight

-an animal pollinator

Floral characteristics of pollinated plants:

-bright colors; often red

-flower during the day

-landing platform or dense inflorescence that serves as a platform

-could have long corolla tubes (pollinators have long mouthparts)

-nectar reward

-an animal pollinator

-Two main “flavors”, long-tongued (LT) and shorttongued (ST)

Pollinated Floral characteristics:

-Flowers are blue, violet or yellow (less commonly, red)

-Petals often with UV reflectance as nectar guides

-Landing platforms 

-Bilateral symmetry (may be LT trait)

-also visit many generalized flowers visited by other insects

Determinate (monotelic) inflorescence

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-a type of inflorescence

– Main axis of the inflorescence ends in a flower

– Top (or central) flower usually opens first

– Usually ancestral (evolved from) indeterminate

- a type of inflorescence

– The growing point of the inflorescence only produces lateral (the side) flowers or partial inflorescences (groups of flowers).

– Bottom (or outer) flowers usually open first

cyme

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-type of determinate inflorescence

-lateral branches of the inflorescence are composed of 3-flowered units that are showing opposite branching

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panicle

-a type of determinate or indeterminate inflorescence

-all the flowers often have pedicels of approximately equal length that arise from a common point at the apex of
the inflorescence

-a kind of inflorescence

-consists of a dense. elongated, mass of inconspicuous, usually wind-pollinated flowers

-can be determinate or indeterminate

Raceme

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-type of indeterminate inflorescence

-a single axis with pedicellate flowers

Spike

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-a type of simple, indeterminate inflorescence

-similar to a raceme but flowers are sessile (no pedicel)

Corumb

-type of intermediate inflorescence

-a raceme with the pedicels of the lowermost flowers elongated, so that all flowers are at the same level

-looks like a menorah

-type of intermediate inflorescence

-a compound raceme (with branches)

-type of interdeterminate inflorescence

- have the oldest flowers on the periphery

-type of inflorescence that has a single axis

-one order of branching

-ex:racemes, spikes, umbels, and heads

-product of the ovule after fertilization

-contains an embryo and often its nutritive tissue (endosperm, perisperm)

-reproductive part of angiosperms

-fruit developing from a single ovary (carpel)

-ex:  tomatoes, blueberries, peaches, cherries, apples

-a division of simple fruits

- fruits that develop from several ovaries in a single flower

-ex:  raspberries, blackberries,

-doesn't open up by itself

-many fleshy fruits have this characteristic

-type of ovary in a fruit

-the other floral parts fuse with the pericarp

a pretty small, indehiscent, dry fruit with an thin and close-fitting wall surrounding a single seed

ex:sunflower seed

-small, indehiscent, one seeded dry fruit,

-pericarp fused to ovary wall

-ex:corn

Nuts

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-pretty large indehiscent dry fruit

-1 seeded with hard or bony pericarp wholly or partially surrounded by a husk of bracts

-ex:acorn

Follicle

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-a dehiscent fruit

-pods split along ventral side

Legume

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-a dry, dehiscent fruit

-pods split along 2 opposite edges

-ex: peanut

Silique

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-type of dehiscent, dry fruit

-similar to a legume

-a peice of tissue is left in the center

-pericarp splits along the junction of 2 carpels

Capsule

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-a dry, rarely fleshy dehiscent fruit

-the pericarp opens with pores or slits

-ex: opium poppy

Schizocarp

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-a dehiscent, dry fruit

-fruit splits into ≥2 achenelike segments with free seeds inside

-ex: helicopter seeds

-an indehiscent, fleshy fruit

-has one to many seeds

-mesocarp fleshy,
-endocarp soft

-most fleshy frits are some variation of this kind

Drupe

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-an indehiscent, fleshy fruit

-has 1 or 2 seeds

-fleshy mesocarp

-hard endocarp

-endocarp is clearly distinct from the mesocarp

-have pits

-ex: peaches

Hesperidium

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-fleshy, indehesiant fruit

-Berry with a leathery rind (peel) with oil glands and specialized hairs

-characteristic of the citrus family

-A hard-rinded berry that includes accessory tissue

-a fleshy fruit, indehesiant fruit

-has an extremely hard exocarp, often thick, like a pumpkin

-an indehiscent fleshy fruit

-A berry-like fruit with most of the flesh derived from accessory tissue

ex: apple, most of the flesh is the receptacle

-attract animal dispersers

-“Cheap” rewards (sugars, water, water soluble vitamins) Seeds spit out, dropped, pass unharmed

-Contain nutrients used by the seed for development  -Fats, oils, starches 

-Toxins, hard shells or seed coats to deter herbivory

-dispersal that involves colorful, flesh or seed coat

-red, blue, black

-Fleshy, indehiscent fruits (berries, drupes, pomes), or fruits with fleshy accessory structures associated with the fruit -

– Seeds often protected by a bony wall or toxins

– No odor

- Nuts or seeds that are buried (hidden)

-type of fruit and seed dispersal

• odor important, color not so much

• Fleshy with hard centers

• Leathery or hard skin that open to reveal fleshy tissue, arilate seeds, or seeds with fleshy testa

• Seeds protected with toxins or thick walls

• Often associated with stockpiling food – Hiding nuts and seeds

– Nutritious - high oil content

-fruit often dropped from the plant

-type of fruit and seed dispersal

• Gravity

• Explosive discharge of seeds, fruits –>bc of  Turgor pressure changes, hygroscopic tissues (ex: squirting cucumber, small movements cause them to trigger)

• Passive movements of fruits by wind, rain, animals

• Creeping movements of seeds themselves due to hygroscopic changes

-the nutritive tissue derived from fusion of the two polar nuclei and one sperm

-can either be homogeneous or ruminate

-may contain starch, oils, protein, oligosaccharides

-nourishes the developing embryo

- a type of umbel

-has the have the oldest flowers on the bottom

-a type of umbel

-has the oldest flowers on the top/center

navel orange

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-a type of parthencarpic fruit

-is produced due to a mutation in genome, so seeds don't develop properly or don't develop at all.

- a type of parthencarpic fruit

-meiosis doesn't occur properly, but you still get some fertilization (white seeds)