Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| true as opposed to an estimated pop measure |
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Term
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Definition
| an estimate of a paramter using a sample of a total pop |
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Term
| Example of parameter vs stat |
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Definition
PARAM
*height of female adult in US
-would have a true mean and variance
-hard to determine
STAT
*estimate by using female in class
-calc mean and variance but would not
give a true value
-estimate mean(mu-cap) and estimated
variance (σ^2-cap) |
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Term
| Statistics used for a sample |
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Definition
TO ESTIMATE MEAN
* Mu-cap = sum / n
TO ESTIMATE VARIANCE/ COV
* σ^2-cap = (average of the deviations^2) but w/ n-1 |
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Term
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Definition
*correction for error in estimated value
*hard to make denominator smaller to account for the fact that the numerator is smaller (so won't have a biased ratio)
*deviations between e. ind data point and mu-cap is smaller than the deviation between e. sample & the true mean (mu) |
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Term
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Definition
| tracks samples (moves closer to the majority) |
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Term
| relationship between mu and mu-cap |
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Definition
[Σ(xi - mu-cap)^2] < {Σ(xi- mu)^2}
*[dev between sample and mu-cap] is a systematic underestimate of the {deviation between the sample and Mu} b/c the estimate comes from the samples |
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Term
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Definition
*to describe quant traits (measured on numerical scale)
*allows to answer questions, work w/ quant trait, & see patterns of inheritance, etc when you cant tell geno
*gives framework to describe how a pop will respond to a particular scenario & what the best strat would be |
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Term
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Definition
*describes why "best pheno" doesnt always mean best genetics b/c quant traits are affected by genetics and env
*helps describe quant traits
P = Mu + G + E
P: pheno value
Mu: pop mean
G: geno value
E: env effect
Values ==> P, G, E
Pop Measure ==> Mu |
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Term
| How to define the genetic merit of a quant trait |
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Definition
DETERMINE IND GENO VALUE W/ CLONES
*AKA: how an ind geno influences own pheno value
*clone an ind and grow in same env as original
*P will vary among clones b/c they all have env effects (but mean env effects, E-bar, = 0)
DETERMINE IND GENETIC MERIT W/ BREEDING
*AKA: how geno of ind influence pheno of progeny
*if a bull has lots of progeny, their P can tell about parental genetics
*plan: cross e. bull to many random cows from pop & evaluate the offspring from these crosses |
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Term
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Definition
*organism w/ same genetics
*every position in the genome is the same |
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Term
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Definition
mean phrno of progeny of an ind, compared to the pop
Mu pop pheno (daught) - Mu pop pheno (original) |
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Term
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Definition
*the effect of the env on a particular trait for a specific ind
*can't control |
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Term
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Definition
BV = 2(PD)
*true only if PD is the real PD
-needs to account for random effects, so no small pop
*2 b/c any given progeny has only 1/2 genetics from a particular parent |
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Term
| relationship between PD and BV |
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Definition
* Mu pheno of clones is 2x Mu pheno of progeny
*geno value determined from clones is same as BV |
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Term
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Definition
*predicted transmitting ability
*can't be seen, but can colelct lots of info and predict it
*measure of genetic merit
1/2BV = PD = TA
PTA = EPD = 1/2BV-cap |
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Term
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Definition
*estimated progeny difference
*for beef industry, 1/2 estimated BV of a ind |
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Term
relationship between
G determined through clones and BV determined by progeny |
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Definition
G(CLONES) = BV(PROGENY)
*assuming no dominance ==> heteros are intermediate, and e. loci behaves independently w/ additivity
*b/c a fundamental description of genetics for a quant trait
G(CLONES) ≠ BV(PROGENY)
*assuming dominance/epistasis
*G(XX) = G(Xx) : b/c they influence the pheno of ind the same and have same pheno value
-BUT from a breeding perspective, G(XX) more
valuable b/c has 2 X to pass on |
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Term
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Definition
*ind BV relative to the pop mean (Mu)
*combo of 2 components |
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Term
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Definition
1) Assume single locus
-determine if dom/epistasis, no dominance
2) No env influence
-E=0 (so dont need to make clones)
3) Define P
4) Define allele freq and geno
5) Find pop mean (Mu)
-Mu = [f(XX) * P(XX)] + [f(Xx) * P(Xx)] + [f(xx) * P(xx)]
6) Find G
- P = Mu + G + E
7) Find BV
-find the PD --> BV = 2(PD) |
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Term
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Definition
*accounts for differences between G and BV
*more specific to
P = Mu + [BV + GCV] + E
BV + GCV = G
G: geno value
BV: breeding value; sum of ind allelic effects, additive genetic effect
GCV: gene combination value; NOT TRANSMITTED, non additive genetic effect |
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Term
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Definition
*genetic combination value (allele combination value)
*non-additive gene effect due to combo of alleles
-EX: dominace interaction
*dev between G and BV
*not passed on to generations b/c comes from combo of alleles that sep during meiosis (due to law of seg)
-only 1 is put into a gene and passed on (parents pass alleles, not genes) |
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Term
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Definition
*due to Law of Seg, a parent does not give its geno (only passes on alleles)
-so the way a parents geno influences the pheno value
of offspring is diff than the way a pheno value
influence its own
*BV = G w/o dom and/or epistasis
- w/ dom and epistasis, the interactions influence P
of ind w/ that geno, but are not transmitted to
next gen and dont influence P of offspring
P = Mu + G + E
*G represents how ind geno represents own pheno value
*G does not describe how ind geno influences pheno value of offspring (BV) |
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Term
| important property of the genetic model |
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Definition
| *used to think about quant traits ==> revels behavior of traits and best breeding strats |
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Term
| trait w/o env influence (E=0 for all ind) |
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Definition
P = Mu + G
G = P - Mu
*the consequence of having P-bar makes it so G is expressed as dev from mean which makes G-bar = 0 |
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Term
| trait w genetic and env influence |
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Definition
P = Mu + G + E
*need to assume that G (GCV + BV), and E are independent of e.other
-so G of ind is random w/ respect to env effect that
the ind experiences
*if G and E are independent [COV(G,E)=0] then G-bar = 0 and E-bar = 0
*the factors that influence P (i.e G, E, etc) are independent and combo of G + E = 0 |
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