1.physicl sharing of electrons between atoms. 2.often covalent bond is stronger than electostatic.

3.may be between same or different atoms that share similar electronegativity

1.attracion of electrons between atoms

2.may be ion-to-ion, ion- to - dipole  ieraction

3. " opposites attract" negative attract positive

weaker than ion-ion bond . uneven distribution of charges create  a dipole in which there is a more positive  or more negative side to the molecule. 

H2O is example.

1.have the same molecular formula , but their atoms are located in different places. 

2. have different physical and chemical properties.  

 Enflurane and Isoflurane are the examples.

general formula is ROH, where R represents any alkyl groups. The hydroxyl group ( OH) of alchohols is highly polar and easily forms hydrogen bonds with other polar moleculs.

1.intermolecular actions between the substances

2. temperature

3. pressure

The solubility increases if:

1. similar polarity ("like disoves like")

2. High temperature increase solubility

3. energy is required to break the bonds of dissolving solids

4. in most cases it consumes heat rather than produces heat (if reaction is endothermic).

1. energy released when solids are dissolved.

2. increases in temperature will decrease solubility

3. pressure exerts little to no influence on solubility.

at constant temperature, the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid  is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas at equilibrium above the gas -liquid interface.

p=kc

p- partial pressure of the solute above  the solution.

k- is Henry's constant

c- is the concentration of the solute in solution

increasing the partial pressure ( p) of a gas above a liquid will increase the amount of gas  ( c) that dissolves in the liquid.

Give  the clinical  example of increased gas solubility with increased pressure. (Henry's law) 

r=1/√mw

r-rate of diffusion

mw -molecular weight

Graham's law determins the faster diffusion of smaller molecules compare to large molecules.

directly related:

1.concentration gradient

2.tissue area

3.fluid tissue solubility

 inversely related:

4. membrane thickness

5. molecular weight

is the amount of energy required to move an object.

is the standard measure  of force.

1kg weight 1 meter per second is known as newton.

Newton= 1 meter/sec/sec

F=ma

F-force, m-mass, a-acceleration

 is a force that required to move a 1-gram- weight 1cm per second 

is the measure of the pulmonary vascular system's resistance to flow from the right ventricle. Normal values is 100-200 dyne sec/cm⁵

1. calculation of Pulmonary vascular resistance

2. calculation of systemic vascular resistance

3. technology of accelerometry to measure the degree of neuromascular blockage.

4. ECG - vector diagram to calculate the predominant direction of electrical force in the myocardium

pressure is a forse over area where P- pressure, f- force and a- area

 P=f/a

force of 1 newton over 1 square meter

A pascal equals 102 g/m²

Pa=1N/1m²

1.sphygmomanometer

2. oscillometer

1. lows of conservation of energy ( energy cannot be created or destroyedl

2. energy moves toward greater entropy or randomness

3.absolut zero is "0 K" or -273.15 C 

is energy waiting to be used , or stored and available to be converted into the power

PE=mgh

PE- potential energy

m-mass

g-gravity

h- height

energy of movement

KE=(1/2)mv²

m-mass

v-velocity

1. ice melting

2. gas expansion

3. sleep  and the induction of general anesthesia

1. radiation- transfers the heat energy from the body to the less warm OR environment ( walls, equipment, etc) 

2. convection-  transfers kinetic energy to air molecules on the skin surface

3. conduction- transfer the energy by physically touching a less warm object (table) 

4. evaporation-moisture evaporation from the pt's skin  or exhaled water vapor.

1. use of forced warm air devices

2. lower gas flow rates

3. humidification systems

4. warming the operating room

5. covering and insulating patients

1. temperature

2. vapor pressure of the liquid

3. partial pressure of the vapor  above the evaporating liquid.

universal gas low unified the fundings of Charles, Boyle, and Gay -Lussac laws. PV=T

P- pressure, V- volume, T- temperature

760mmHg - total atm. pressure

Oxygen 21% of all gases

21% of Oxygen: 21x760/100=156.6 mmHg

1. resist compression

2. continuously change shape

Flow is the quantity of a fluid passing a point per unit of time where F is the mean flow , Q is quantity, and t is the time

F= Q/t

1. laminar

2. turbulent

3. transitional

describes the relationship of wall tension (T) to pressure ( P) and radius (r) in cylinders and spheres

T=Pr  in cylinders.

If normal aorta pressure is 100mmHg and radius 2 cm  the tension is  =Pr 

aortic aneurism : 100mmHg and radius is 4 cm, the tension is Pr , is much higher than normal.

Decreased pressure will decrease tension on the cylinder wall.

crystals a re unique quartz, cermic of polymer composition that contain a matrix of polarized molecules  that

1. respond to electric current by changing shape

2. respond to mechanical stress by generating an electric current

ultrasound is made with use of this principle.

As energy moves away from the source, its strength decreases.  The strengthof the emanating energy is inversely related to square of its distance from the source.

Application- to pressure waves, electricity, light, and radiation with the intensity of each decreasing with increasing distance from its source.

1. Zone 4 has strongest magnetic field.

2. No Ferrous objects in MRI area

like charges repel wach other , and opposite charges attract each other inversely to the square of their distance.  Opposite charges will attract more when they closer together, and like charges will repel more when closer together

Energy unit is volt.

1. Shielding

2. distance

1.Infrared absorption analysis,

2. raman scattering

3. mass spectrometry

4. piezoelectric gas analysis

5. photoacoustic gas analyzer

1. susceptability of artifact

2. requires pulsatile flow

3. innacurate measurement in hypothermic and vasoconstricted patients

4. nail polish can interfere with accurate estimation of O2SAT.

5, Do not measure respiratory rate.

1. everybody have to have an eye shielded. For patient also saline pads and laser goggles.

2. low inspired O2 concentration

3. laser ET tubes

4. Be ready for fire

If airway fire, stop O2 flow, ventilation, extubate the pt. extinghish the fire, mask ventilate,  reintubate.