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Andes
Art of Pre-Ceramic to Late Horizon Periods
74
Art History
Undergraduate 2
05/18/2010

Additional Art History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Inca
Definition

Late Horizon

 

N/S Highlands and Coast

Term
Chimu
Definition

Late Intermediate

 

North Coast

Term
Huari
Definition

Middle Horizon

 

North Highlands

Term
Tiwanaku
Definition

South Highlands

 

Middle Horizon

Term
Moche
Definition

Early Intermediate

 

North Coast

Term
Nazca
Definition

South Coast

 

Early Intermediate

Term
Chavin
Definition

Early Horizon

 

North Highlands

Term
Paracas
Definition

Early Horizon

 

South Coast

Term
Huaca Prieta
Definition

Late (Cotton) Pre-Ceramic

 

(3000-1800 BC)

Term
Caral
Definition

Late (Cotton) Pre-Ceramic

 

3000-1800 BC

 

Coast

Term
Chinchorro
Definition

Early Pre-Ceramic

 

8000-3000 BC

 

Chile

Term
Andean Worldview
Definition

Collectivity

Reciprocity

Transformation

Essence over Appearance

Term
Collectivity
Definition

  • group takes precedence over individual
    • artists not named
    • rarely an emphasis on the individual
    • architecture is group enterprise

Term
Reciprocity
Definition

  • Duality
  • Complementarity
  • Pairing of Opposites
  • Exchange

Term
Transformation
Definition

  • Cyclical Thinking
  • Life-Death Continuum
  • Constantly Shifting Relationships

Term
Essence over Appearance
Definition

  • Conveying a symbolic reality
  • the inner core valued over outward appearance
  • essence can be conveyed without being seen

Term
Black Style
Definition

 

  • 5000-3000 BC (later part of early pre-ceramic)
  • Main Features:
    • painted with manganese
    • short wig
    • gray inner inorganic fill
    • closed mouth and eyes
  • bundles of sticks on bones
  • used other skins as well?

 

Term
Red Style
Definition

 

  • 3000-2000 BC (later style, late pre-ceramic)
  • Main Features:
    • painted with red ochre
    • long wig
    • open mouth and eyes
  • big long sticks (5)- through torso, arms, legs/torso
  • seams in a few places to use skin over

 

Term
Max Uhle
Definition

 

  • Considered the "grandfather" of Peruvian archaeology
  • German scholar/archaeologist
  • first to elicit time-depth and stratigraphic change from the archaeological record

 

Term
Julio C. Tello
Definition

  • Discovered the site of Cerro Sechin in 1937
  • Considered to be the "father" of modern archaeology in Peru

Term
Linear Style (Paracas Cavernas)
Definition

  • Characteristics:
    • limited color usage (4 colors)
    • nested imagery
    • space filled
    • figure/ground relationship minimized
    • design elements rotated 90, 180 degrees
    • design is very structured, highly constricted
    • difficult to "read"
    • no garments worn

Term
Block Color Style
Definition

  • Characteristics
    • explosion of color (19 different colors)
    • one type of figure represented
    • more open spaces
    • strong figure/ground relationship
    • imagery more legible
    • design is free, compositions innovative
    • figures have volume
    • garments and attributes apparent

Term
Lower Status Burial
Definition

  • pit grave or boot tomb
  • shroud wrap (lowest status)
  • cane tube

Term
Higher Status Burial
Definition

  • chamber tomb
  • cane coffin
  • wooden plank coffin

Term
Horizon Periods
Definition

  • marked by domination of a single artistic style or polity over a vast area during the same time period
  • characterized by homogenous material culture, or objects that reveal similarities of style, iconography, etc.
  • despite spread out geographically
  • Ex. Chavin - seen as Horizon style because artistic manifestations of Chavin in highlands extend to coast
    • Karwa textiles
    • Chavin as type site
    • chongoyape where hammered gold pieces found

Term
Intermediate Periods
Definition

  • marked by cultural diversity (many artistic styles) over a vast area during same time period
  • Ex: Moche, Nasca, Recuay all developing and existing during the same centuries

Term

Early Pre-Ceramic

(8000-3100 BC)

Definition

  • before ceramic and textile production
  • ancestor worship
  • preserving the dead
  • Ex: Chinchorro (black and red styles)

Term

Late Pre-Ceramic

(3100-1800 BC)

Definition

  • ancestor veneration continues with important introduction of twined textiles
  • monumental public architecture, product of organized group labor
  • introduction of...
    • plant domestication
    • cotton
    • gourds
    • beans, squash
  • Appearance of textiles!
  • development of complex imagery to communicate:
    • staff god
    • birds
    • snakes
  • Ex: Huaca Prieta, Caral

Term

Initial/Formative to Late Horizon Periods

1800 BC and on

Definition

  • introduction of pottery, ceramics
  • irrigation agriculture
    • labor invested in creating canals
    • re-routing water
  • weaving becomes more sophisticated w. the introduction of heddle loom
  • metallurgy begins (Mina Perdida 1450-1150 BC)
    • Mina Perdida is the largest of six civic-ceremonial centers erected in the lower Lurín Valley during the Initial Period (~2000 to 900 cal yr B.C.)
  • centers become more sedentary and larger in size
  • monumental architecture continues

Term

Initial (Formative) Period Cultures

1800-800 BC

Definition
Cerro Sechin
Term
Early Horizon Cultures
Definition

Chavin

Paracas

Term
Early Intermediate Period Culutres
Definition

Moche

Nasca

Recuay

Term
Middle Horizon Cultures
Definition

Wari

Tiwanaku

Term
Late Intermediate Period Cultures
Definition
Chimu
Term
Late Horizon Cultures
Definition
Inca
Term
Huaca Prieta (site)
Definition

  • late pre-ceramic period in northern Peru
  • located at mouth of Chicama River
  • characteristics:
    • subterranean pit dwellings
    • beginning of Peruvian textile tradition
    • first pre-loom fabric technique, interlacing
    • 33 skeletons in flexed position in mats
    • famous image of Condor Huaca Prieta with snake coiled in stomach
    • stylized two-headed snake shapes
    • alternating plain weave and interlocking of warps in order to produce structural decoration of textiles

Term
Andes Shared Cultural Traits
Definition

  • Importance of textiles
    • textile precedes ceramic by thousands of years
    • the Andes has the longest continuous textile tradition in the world, spanning from late pre-ceramic to today
  • Extreme climates and environmental conditions to contend with
    • the sea and the mountains provide important resources, are conceived as deities, and represented in art
  • Art is often abstract
  • Preservation on dry coast is excellent
    • bodies, textiles, murals, feather work survive
  • Materials of status include:
    • spondylus shell
    • textile
    • metallurgy (alloys)
    • ceramic is ceremonial
    • different from Mesoamerica:
      • no jade
      • monumental carved stone less frequent (used differently too)
      • art not explicitly in service of ruler
  • No:
    • evidence of writing
    • calendars
    • markets
    • ballgame

Term
Overarching Themes in Andean Art
Definition

  • Sacrifice
    • human
    • trophy heads
  • Fertility
    • water
    • mountains
  • Shamanism
    • tied to transformation
    • dialogue with supernatural
  • Monumental Architecture
    • built by "community"
    • ritually entombed
    • burial mounds for many, not just one
  • Ancestor Worship
    • veneration of deceased
    • importance of preserving body, either as its own entity or incorporating within architecture
    • ancestors represent ties to:
      • land and agricultural fields
      • resources like springs, clay, or copper sources
  • Rulership is not as evident
    • there is more emphasis on supernatural figures

Term
Junius Byrd
Definition

  • Excavated the site of Huaca Prieta in 1927

Term
Guaman Poma de Ayala
Definition

  • indigenous Peruvian who became disillusioned with the treatment of the native peoples of the Andes by the Spanish after conquest
  • Nueva Coronica y Buen Gobierno (The First New Chronicle and Good Government)
    • illustrated chronicle critiqued Spanish colonial rule
    • written 1600-1615
    • frequently uses Quechua words and phrases
    • writing, fine line drawings, full page drawings


Term
Christopher Donnan
Definition

  • revolutionary research on Moche arts and mortuary associations
    • demonstrates iconography was a means of symbolic idealogical communication based upon a limited number of themes/few symbols (after ~300 AD)
    • characters (animals, humans, supernaturals) interacted in repetitive manners
    • themes:
      • burial (concerns with death and deceased
      • one-on-one armed combat
      • kuraka nobility?
  • excavated several graves of women bedecked as the priestess of the presentation theme

Term
Ancestor Veneration
Definition
based on belief that deceased family members have a continued existence and/or possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living
Term
Staff Diety
Definition

 

  • Lanzon god with clawed digits and snake-like hair
  • female as indicated by Karwa depictions
  • motif of supernatural synthesis
    • supernatural holds two elaborate grand staffs in each hand, uniting the dual spheres of Andean society and the cosmos
  • first seen at Chavin

 

Term
Spondylus Shell
Definition

 

  • type of mollusk, also known as thorny/spiny oysters
  • highly valued by many cultures
  • served as offerings to the Pachamama
    • Pachamama - Incan fertility goddess, mother earth/world, presides over planting and harvesting
  • kind of currency
  • Moche people worshiped animals and the sea and often depicted these in their art

 

Term
Ceque System
Definition
network of shrines and places of import that radiate out of Cusco in linear patterns
Term
Capac Hucha
Definition
ceremony that involves sacrifice of camelids, children, and sacred objects at huacas along the ceque lines
Term
Huaca
Definition

 

  • revered object/monument (i.e. natural locations like immense rocks)
  • associated with veneration and ritual
  • Andean cultures believed every object has a physical presence and two camaquen (spirits), one to create it & another to animate it; they would invoke both spirits for the object to function

 

Term
Quipu
Definition

mnemonic device made of spun thread, with main cord and subsidiary cords

 

used in accounting and to record information

Term
Tawantinsuyu
Definition

 

Quechua word for the Inca Empire

means "the four regions/united provinces"

 

Term
Aryballo
Definition

(Quechua) vessel for carrying liquids

 

had pointed bottom and was carried on the back with a band around the head

Term
Chicha
Definition
(Quechua) Incan fermented beer
Term
Nariguera
Definition
(Quechua) nose ornament
Term
Duality
Definition
  • part of "reciprocity" in Andean worldview
  • one part is countered by and connected to another
    • socially, the vertically-organized trade between altitude zones and in the state's obligations to provide for its members and vice versa
    • Andean art puts emphasis on opposites interlocked, on pairs, doubling, and mirror-images
    • Inca architecture sculpts earth in oppositions of light and shadow
    • Chancay textiles dovetail identical birds, and double-headed creatures abound

 

Term
Tinkuy
Definition

(Quechua) means "a meeting of two worlds", also chawpin

 

word describes a location at the point of confluence of two rivers

 

a natural nexus point, denoting balance and harmony

 

(ex: Chavin de Huantar)

Term
Strombus Shell
Definition
a medium or large saltwater snail; a conch
Term
Mummy Bundle
Definition

  • the tightly wrapped layers of cloth in which the ancient people of Paracas buried their dead
    • the tight wrappings and dry sands of the region prevented bodies from decaying
    • the cloths used for this are sometimes called mantles

Term
Shaman
Definition
A person who acts as a medium between the visible and spirit worlds 
Term
Stirrup Spout Vessel
Definition

  • vessels w. a stirrup handle forming part of the spout, which emanates from the top of the stirrup
    • the jars, often elaborately figurative, would be cast from a mold
    • the stirrup spout was built by hand and welded to the vessel with slip

Term
Anatropic Organization
Definition
an image arranged in such a way that it can be read legibly forwards and backwards as different forms 
Term
Trepanation
Definition

a medical intervention in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the human skull and materials removed

 

the practice of drilling a hole in the skull as a physical, mental, or spiritual treatment (Paracas)

Term
Geoglyphs
Definition
a design made on the ground, out of natural elements
Term
Pukios
Definition
an underground water filtration system, used by the Nasca
Term
Metallurgy
Definition

the science and technology of metals

 

their extraction from ores, purification and alloying, heat treatment, and working

Term
Chamber Tomb
Definition
a rectangular hollow dug into adobe and used to bury individuals of high-status (Moche)
Term
Retainer Burial
Definition
the sacrifice and burial of servants or other people with a person (generally of high-status)
Term
Backflap
Definition
a metal (gold, silver, and/or copper), generally axe-head-shaped part of the royal costuming worn by elite members of Moche society, as part of ritual or armor
Term
Uncu
Definition
(Quechua) a short, sleeveless tunic worn by Inca men
Term

Huaca Prieta Textiles

(style and techniques)

Definition

Textiles as garments, wraps, bags

  • twined textiles of cotton
    • construction technique
      • spaced wefts and exposed warps most common
      • looping, knotting, simple weaving
    • style
      • lattice-like structure imparts geometric undertones
      • emphasize symmetry and interlocking elements
      • two classes:
        • abstract - stripes, diamonds, squares, chevrons
        • representational - people, birds, serpents, crabs, fish
      • repetitive or interlocking motifs and composite beings
  • twined baskets and looped satchels of reeds and sedges as containers

Term
Cerro Sechin
Definition

Initial Period

 

North Coast

Term
Sechin Bajo
Definition
earliest known evidence of sunken circular court structure in the Andes
Term
Old Temple
Definition
Chavin style associated with very legible artistic creations
Term
New Temple
Definition
Chavin style associated with more complex artistic creations
Term
Chavin (Quechua)
Definition
Quechua word meaning "in the center"
Term

Benson Article

Why Sacrifice? Ritual Sacrifice in Ancient Peru

Definition

-afflicting change thru ritual

-to sacrifice is to make sacred

-blood = water

-end paragraph explains how things have life (can sacrifice inanimate objects)

-huacas

-article is typography of sacrifice

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