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| false personal beliefs that are inconsistent with the person's intelligence or cultural background. |
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| individual feels threatened and believes that others intend harm of persecution toward him or her in some way. FBI has bugged my room and wants to kill me, I can't take a shower in this bathroom. the nurses have camera's in there so that they can watch everything I do. |
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| The individual has an exaggerated feeling of importance, power knowledge, or identity. |
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| all events within the environment are referred by the psychotic person to himself or herself. "someone is trying to get a message to me through the articles of this magazine or TV program. I must break the code so that I can receive the message. Ideas of reference are less rigid than delusions of reference. An example of an idea of reference is irrationally thinking that one is being talked about or laughed at by other people. |
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| +Delusion of control or influence |
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| The individual beleives certain objects or persons have control over his or her behavior. The dentist put a filling in my tooth; I now receive transmissions through the filling that control what I think and do |
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| The individual has a false idea that the self, a part of the self, others, or the world is nonexistent. The world no longer exists I have no heart. |
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| is an excessive demonstration of or obsession with religious ideas and behavior. Because individuals vary greatly in their religious beliefs and level of spiritual commitment, religiosity is often difficult to assess. The individual with schizophrenia may use religious ideas in an attempt to provide rational meaning and structure to his or her behavior. Religious preoccupation in this vein may therefore be considered a manifestation of the illness. However, clients who derive comfort from their religious beliefs should not be discharged from employing this means of support. An example of religiosity is the individual who believes the voice he or she hears is God and incessantly searches the Bible for interpretation. |
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| have extreme suspiciousness of others and of their actions or perceived intentions I wont eat this food. I know it has been poisoned. |
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| the person believes that his or her thoughts or behaviors have control over specific stiuations or eople the mother who believed if she scolded her son in any way he would be taken away from her. This is common in children "step on a crack and break your mother's back" "An apple a day will keep the doctor away". |
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| Thinking is characterized by speech in ideas shift from one unrelated subject to another. The individual is unaware that the topics are unconnected. "We wanted to take the bus, but the airport took all the traffic. Driving is the ticket when you want to get somewhere. No one needs a ticket to heaven. We have it all in our pockets." |
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| symbolic meaning to the psychotic person She wanted to give me a ride in her new uniphorum. |
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| Or literal interpretations of the environment, represents a regression to an earlier level of cognitive development. Abstract thinking is very difficult. For example, the client would have great difficulty describing the abstract meaning of saying such as I'm climbing the walls or It's raining cats and dogs". |
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| Often take the form of rhyming. It is very cold. I am cold and bold. The gold is sold. |
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| a group of words that are put together randomly, without any logical connection "most forward action grows life double plays circle uniform. " |
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| the individual delays in reaching the point of communication because of unnecessary and tedious details. The point or goal is usually met, but only with numerous interruptions by the interviewer to keep the person on track of the topic being discussed. |
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| differs from circumstantial in that the person never really gets to the point of the communication. Unrelated topics are introduced and the focus of the original discussion is lost. |
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| inability or refusal to speak |
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| persistently repeats the same word or idea in response to different questions. |
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| of false sensory perceptions not associated with real external stimuli, may involve any of the five senses. |
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| False preceptions of sound. Voices, may be clicks, rushing noise, music, and other noise. Command hallucinations may place the individual or others in potential dangerous situations. "Voices" that issue commands for violence to self or others may or may not be heeded by the pt. |
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| These are false visual perceptions. They may consist of formed images, such as of people of unformed images, such as flashes of light. |
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| are false perceptions of the sense of touch, often of something on or under the skin. One specific hallucination is formication, the sensation that something is crawling on or under the skin. |
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| This type of hallucination is a false perception of taste. Most commonly, they are as unpleasant tastes |
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| false perceptions of the sense of smell. |
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| repeat words that he or she hears. this attempt to identify with the person speaking. Nurse says John its time for lunch the pt may respond it's time for lunch, it's time for lunch or lunch lunch lunch |
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| +Identification and imitation |
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| occurs on an unconscious level, and imitation, which occurs on a conscious level, are ego defense mechanisms used by individuals with schizophrenia and reflect their confusion regarding self identity. because they have difficulty knowing where their ego boundaries end and another person's begins, their behavior often takes on the form of that which they see in other persons |
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| purposelessly imitate movements made by others. |
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| the unstable self identity of an individual with schizophrenia may lead to feelings of unreality (feeling that one's extremities have changed in size; or a sense of seeing oneself from a distance. |
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| when the individual's emotional tone is incongruent with the circumstance...young woman laughs when told her mother died. |
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| when emotional tone is very weak. the individual with flat affect appears to be void of emotional tone (or overt expression of feelings) |
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| pt often demonstrates an indifference to or disinterest in the environment. The bland or flat affect is a manifestation of the emotional apathy. |
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| describes the condition created by the person with schizophrenia who focuses inward on a fantasy world, while distorting or excluding the external environment. |
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| personal grooming and self care activities may be neglected. the pt may appear disheveled and untidy and may need to be reminded of the need for personal hygiene. |
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| deficiency of energy. The individual with schizophrenia may lack sufficient energy to carry out activities of daily living or to interact with others. |
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| describes a condition in which the client with schizophrenia allows body parts to be placed in positions, the arm, leg, or head remains in that position for long periods. |
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| voluntary assumption of inappropriate or bizarre postures. |
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| pacing back and forth and the body rocking a slow, rhythmic, backward-and-forward swaying of the trunk from the hips, usually while sitting are common |
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| is the inability to experience pleasure. This is a particularly distressing symptom that compels some clients to attempt suicide. |
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| regression is the retreat to an earlier level of development. primary defense mechanism, a dysfunctional attempt to reduce anxiety. if provides the basis for many of the behaviors associated with schizophrenia. |
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