Apollo Veii, c. 500 BC

• Etruscan:
• Settled western area (will be absorbed by Romans)
• Influenced by Greeks
• Dominant metal work
• terracotta 
• on ridgepole temple (ontop)
• Etruscan art surface painting/decoration
• Clay= attention to surface, additive medium vs. subtractive (marble)
• Not as interested in anatomy
• Movement
• Influenced by Greek Archaic period

• 753 BC Founding City Rome
• Last Etrusan King, founding Republic
• End of Punic wars (Carthage)
• Rome controls Mediterranean
• Julius Caesar assassinated
• Battle of Actium (end of Republic)
• Beginning Empire under Augustus
• Sack of Rome by Visigoths
• Fall of Western Roman Empire

Capitoline Wolf, c. 500 BC

• takes care of cast off children Romulus and Remus
• Defensive
  
• Conveys "don't mess with us", symbol for Romans
• Etruscan art surface decoration
• Greeks = love stories, Romans= not as much, ritual, adopt Greek myths
• Capitoline Wolf: own myth 
• Typical scene

Simplified Chronology of Rome

 [image]

• Monarchy (753 - 509 BC)
• Republic (509 - 27 BC)
• Empire (27 BC - AD 476)

Remember that the idea of conquering makes an Empire. 

• time capsule of ancient, every-day life
• Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius
• destroyed by lava flow August 22, 79 AD
• Makes Pompeii easier to excovate
• Documented by Pliny the Younger
• Pliny the Elder was stupid and drowned in the lava
• Herculaneum was made with harder substances than Pompeii
• plumbing systems

Temple of Portunus, late 2nd c. BC

• Etruscan
• tiles on roof
• stairstep entry
• engaged (pseudoperipteral) decorative columns
• deep porch
• Greek
• fluted ionic columns

Head of a Man Known as Brutus, late 4th c. BC

• helped establish Republic 509 BC
• shows age
• focuses on face, not body
• stern expression
• verism, true to individual
• Roman values: realism and age

Portrait Head of an Elder

• serious and stern
• age
• Perhaps age is exaggeration, add more lines etc.

Roman Patrician with Ancestor Busts

• patrician is a land owner
• togathus is when one wears a toga
• toga is symbol of a citizen
• busts used to be made of wax
• worn as masks at subject's funeral by the relative that resembles most
• builds up family name
• commemorating citizens by doing good deeds
• controposto
• Generic bodies, head made separate 

Augustus of Primaporta, c. 20 BC

• wears military garment
• barefoot (sacred reference)
• talking to public
• idealized
• Cupid (Aros) reference
• Aeneas story
• Implying sent from gods
• Venus->Aeneas->Romulus->August
• Decent of Aeneas recognized
• Found in Primaporta
• Propaganda during Emperial period
• Vergil: The Aenid
• Tells story as Emp. Propaganda 
  
• "Progenitor of Romans"
• Peace, prosperity, fertility 

1. non-idealized Roman portraits
2. architecture

• Prince of Troy
• Son of Venus
• Founded Alba Longa
• Founded Rome

• Wrote the Aeneid
• Imperial propoganda
• Based of Homer's Odyssey
• Tells Aeneas's story

Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace), 13 BC

• put together from fragments
• dedicated on Augustus's wife's birthday
• That's so sweet how he remembered!
• Open ceiling for burnt offering
• Decorated with floral patterns

Imperial Procession

• from Ara Pacis Augustae
• imperial family
• including senators, magistrates, etc...
• recognizable portraits
• shows movement and different processions
• Understand low and high relief
• including women and children
• Augustus= large families, moral legislation

Female Personification, Tellus

• Part of Ara Pacis Augustae
• Image of female & two twins
• Represents earth, abundance, and fertility
• breezes are serpent & goose
• Promise of fertility, peace of land

Aeneas Sacrificing to Penates

• Part of Ara Pacis Augustae
• Penates are household gods
• Shows that Augustus is
• devout and pious
• related to Aeneas
• who is related to gods
• promise of peace

Gemma Augustae

• engraved gemstone
• propaganda for smaller audience
• Augustus depicted as Zeus
• lituus - divination stick
• [top] dynastic seccession 
• Tiberius coming from military victory
• [bottom] military endeavor
• dynasty brings victory

Portrait of Husband and Wife, Pompeii, 70 AD

• wall painting
• carefully crafted
• illusion of depth [contrast to Egyptian art]
• individual likeness
• wanted to be shown that they were educated and literate
• Not moment in time, posed

Gardenscape, Villa of Livia, Primaporta, 20 BC

• purely decoration
• bringing outdoors in
• linear & atmospheric perspective

Initiation Rites of the Cult of Bacchus, Villa of the Mysteries, c. 50 BC

• Mystery Religion of Dionysus
• cult
• looked up to women
• wall painting in home
• Pompeii red
• Highly skilled artist= wealthy owner
• Functioning for cult (only they understand)
• Don't know what's happening..

Portrait of Vespasian, c. 75 AD

• from Flavian Dynasty
• back to verism
• Godlike= detachment, wanted to connect
• responsible for Colosseum

Flavian Amphitheater [Colossum], c. 80 AD

• largest amphitheater built
• two semicircles together 
• over Nero's pleasure lake
• several levels with barrel vaults
• decoration
• columns
• statues
• many entrances and exits
• trap doors below
• practical underground
• bellarium is a sun roof

• Foreign
• Domestic
• Secret initiation rites
• Myth of death & rebirth
• Appealed more than state gods

Column of Trajan, 112 AD

• from forum
• market on hillside
• ruler out-do previous rulers
• commemorated victory over Dacians
• Romania
• commemorated building of markets
• 97 feet of the hill
• resting place for ashes of Trajan and his wife
• over 2500 figures
• 23 spiral scenes
• inspired by scrolls
• read from bottom to top
• understood by Greek & Latin libraries
• originally painted
• not all are battle scenes
• building roads, bridges, etc...
• Romans Crossing Danube [one scene]
• Personification of river
• bearded man with water dripping

Pantheon

• To all the gods
• under reign of Hadrian
• weight distribution
• lighter top
• heavier bottom
• diameter = height
• only light from occulus
• coffer patterns

Commodus as Hercules, c. 190 AD

• conquering death
• Lion's head
• club
• apples [labor]
• Amazonian shield
• reference to the empire of Rome
• kneeling figures are conquered states

Portrait of a Priest from Faiyum, c. 150 AD

• Style
• Pompeii & Herculaneum
• Function
• mummy portrait

Aulus Metellus

• by Etruscan artist
• actual person
• boots of magistrate
• name on toga
• pose public discourse

Arch of Titus

• Triumphant Arch
• Commemorating victory over Jerusalem [70 AD]

Spoils of Jerusalem

• legal procession
• banners, trumpeteers
• show and capture weight

Triumph of Titus

• led by Roma
• Crowned by Victory
• realistic horses

Al Khazneh

• located in Petra
• treasury
• influence 
• Roman style
• facade of a tomb

The Discovery of Achilles

• located on a sarcophagus
• Achilles dressed as a woman in hiding
• destiny to die at Troy
• meaning is embracing destiny
• swirling drapery

Arch of Constantine

• Triumphant arch
• commemorating triumph over Maxentius
• asociating self with past emporers

Portrait of Constantine

• Located in Basillica of Constantine & Maxentius
• collosial size
• veristic yet exaggerated
• Basted off Zeus [Jupiter]

• Foreign 
• Domestic
• Secret initiation rights
• Death and Rebirth
• Appealed to general audience more than state gods (Mars, Jupiter)
• participate more, rebirth promised