Term
Discovered in Chad (Africa)
6 - 7 mya
No postcranial bones
Orthognathic face
320 - 380 cc
Continuous, thick supraorbital torus
Small canines
No diastema between premolar and canine
U-shaped dental arcade
Small cheek teeth
Enamel thickness = medium |
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Definition
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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Term
Found in Tugen Hills, Kenya
Fragmentary cranial and postcranial bones
Thick tooth enamel
Ape-like molars
Ape-like upper canine
Bipedal traits
Curved phalanges |
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Definition
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Term
Found in Ethiopia
4.4 mya
Homomorphic Canines |
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Definition
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Term
| Who are the true hominid ancestors? |
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Definition
Ardipithecus
Australopithecus |
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Term
Middle Awash
Cranial, dental, and postcrania
5.8 to 5.2 mya |
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Definition
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Term
Hadar, Omo, Maka, Ethiopia
Laetoli, Tanzania
Koobi Fora and West Turkana, Kenya
3.6 to 3.0 mya
Premolar with single cusp
Thick enamel
Large Canines
Presence of diastema
Compound temporal-nuchal crest
450 cc
Walked with bent knees
Walked with slight hunch forward
Bipedal, but not completely modern in form |
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Definition
| Australopithecus afarensis |
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Term
Kanapoi, Allia Bay, Kenya
Mandible, tibia, teeth
4.2 to 3.9 mya
Large canines (smaller than Ardipithecus
more robust than Australopithecus afarensis)
Premolars with 1 cusp
Thick enamel
Broad molars
Valgus knee
Generally more primitive than A. afarensis
More derived than Ardipithecus ramidus |
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Definition
| Australopithecus anamensis |
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Term
Afar region, Ethiopia
2.5 mya
Poorly associated postcrania
Long Forearms
Legs like humans
Long femurs
Means "surprise" in local language |
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Definition
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Term
Taung, Makapansgat, Sterkfontein
3-2 mya
Small brain
More modern teeth
Lack of brow-ridge
Oval orbits
Narrow inter-orbital region
Foramen magnum forward
450-550 cc
Rounded vault
Less pneumatized mastoids
Less prognathic face
Less flaring zygomatics
Small canines
No diastema
Large post-canine teeth
Thick enamel
More bicuspid P3
Trabecular bone in illium reflects bipedalism
Extremely long forelimbs |
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Definition
| Australopithecus africanus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus anamensis
Australopithecus garhi
Kenyanthropus platyops
Australopithecus bahrelghazali
Australopithecus africanus |
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Definition
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Term
2.0-1.5 mya
South Africa
450-550 cc
Flatter face
Dish Shaped Face
Flatter forehead
Sagittal crest (in males)
Thick zygomatic arches
Very small canines and incisors
Non-projecting, no diastema
Molarized premolars
Large, puffy molars
Thick tooth enamel
Flat molars
Pelvis, ankle bones, hallux
Bipedal, though not the same as modern humans
Body size about the same as A. africanus |
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Definition
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Term
2.3 to 1.2 mya
Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia
A more robust version of P. robustus
Everything in robustus, but more so
450-550 cc |
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Definition
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Term
1967 East Africa - Mandible
1985 East Africa - Cranium
Robust dental morphology
Heart-shaped foramen magnum
Compound temporal-nuchal crests
Unflexed cranium
Larger incisors and canines teeth |
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Definition
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