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| blue faience hippo from the 12th dynasty |
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| period between the Old Kingdom and the Middle Kingdom, ninth, tenth and most of the eleventh dynasty, 2160 BC - 2055 BC |
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| period between Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom, 1650 BC - 1550 BC, Hyksos made their appearance, 15th and 16th dynasties |
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| pharaoh of Egypt and began the 18th dynasty 1550 - 1525 BC |
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| pharaoh in the 18th dynasty, brought about monotheism of Aten, 1352 - 1336 BC |
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| season of the flood, rise of the dog star, |
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| term applied to varieties of two distinct minerals, gypsum and calcite |
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| term applied to the reign of Akhenaten and surrounding years |
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| fictional character in a series of mystery books set in Victorian Egypt, 18 novels, favorite thing to do is explore pyramid, Elizabeth Rebes is author |
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| Naqada I, period during predynastic Egypt, 4000-3500 BC |
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| an object that protects someone from trouble, talisman, often decorated |
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| name of deity of Egyptian mythology who gradually rose to be one of the most important, before fading away |
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| egyptian heiroglyph character for the meaning of life, looks like a cross with a loop on the top |
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| greek name for the ancient jackal headed god of the dead in egyptian mythology |
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| 3100 – 2650 BC Dyn 1&2 end of Dyn 3. Old Kingdom |
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| name of several rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty (1st persian period) |
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| creator of the universe in ancient Egyptian mythology |
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| Roman period ruler, 30 BC - AD 14 |
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| The Badarian culture provides the earliest direct evidence of agriculture in Upper Egypt. It flourished between 4400 to 4000 BC, It was first identified in Badari, near Sohag. |
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| a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. |
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| a common gray to black volcanic rock |
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| protector goddess of Lower Egypt, and consequently depicted as a fierce lion, worshipped at least since the Second Dynast |
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| italian explorer of Egypt, grave robber, Egypt in 1815 |
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| an ethnic group indigenous to Northwest Africa, speaking the Berber languages of the Afroasiatic family |
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| an Egyptian deity worshipped in the later periods of dynastic history as a protector of households, worship became widespread in the New Kingdom |
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| canonical collections of sacred writings of Judaism and Christianity |
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| common name for ancient Egyptian funerary texts known as The Book of Coming [or Going] Forth By Day. The name "Book of the Dead" was the invention of the German Egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius, who published a selection of the texts in 1842 |
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| commonly known by the symbol Bz, refers to a broad range of copper alloys, usually with tin as the main additive, but sometimes with other elements such as phosphorus, manganese, aluminium, or silicon |
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| covered funerary vases, intended to keep the viscera of mummified corpses. Jars were made from various materials, including alabaster, limestone, pottery, wood, and bronze. All the viscera were not kept in a single canopic jar, but rather each organ in its own |
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| a red or reddish-brown variant of quartz |
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| type of material composing Egyptian funerary masks from the First Intermediate Period onward. It was made of linen or papyrus covered with plaster. |
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| In Egyptian hieroglyphs, a cartouche is an oblong enclosure with a vertical line at one end, indicating that the text enclosed is a royal name, coming into use during the beginning of the Fourth Dynasty under Pharaoh Sneferu |
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| is a road or railway elevated by a bank, usually across a broad body of water or wetland. A transport corridor that is carried instead on a series of arches, perhaps approaching a bridge, is a viaduct |
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| tomb or a monument erected in honour of a person or group of persons whose remains are elsewhere |
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| a tomb used for higher class citizens or royalty |
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| French classical scholar, philologist and orientalist, and is credited as the father of Egyptology. 1822. deciphered hieroglyphs with Rosetta Stone |
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| a two wheeled, horse drawn vehicle |
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| a Hellenistic co-ruler of Egypt with her father (Ptolemy XII Auletes), her brothers/husbands Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV, consummated a liaison with Gaius Julius Caesar that solidified her grip on the throne, and, after Caesar's assassination, aligned with Mark Antony, with whom she produced twins |
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| christian time period in Egypt, started in mid 1st century AD, also a type of writing |
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| the practice of disposing of a corpse by incineration |
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| one of the earliest known forms of written expression. Created by the Sumerians from ca. the 34th century BC, cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs |
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| was a cylinder engraved with a 'picture story', used as decoration and offerings in tombs |
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| refers to both the ancient Egyptian script derived from northern forms of hieratic used in the Delta, as well as the stage of the Egyptian language following Late Egyptian and preceding Coptic. Middle of the rosetta stone |
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| an ideogram used to mark classes of words in pictographic languages, in Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, determinatives came at the end of a word and before any suffixes. |
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| a grey to dark grey intermediate intrusive igneous rock |
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| the best-known pharaoh of the Third dynasty of Egypt, for commissioning the official Imhotep to build his Step Pyramid at Saqqara, 2667 - 2648 BC |
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| 2055 - 1985 BC; Menuhotep II - IV |
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| 1985 - 1773 BC, Amenemhat I and Senusret I are the big rulers |
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| beginning of the Ramessid Period, 1295 - 1186 BC |
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| beginning of the Kingdom, 1550 - 1295 BC |
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| a smooth, durable coating made of melted and hardened glass. |
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| Encaustic painting, also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated beeswax to which colored pigments are added |
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| A glazed earthenware that was often used for amulets and some vessels. |
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| a wall decoration that looks like a door. In ancient Egyptian architecture, this was a common element in a tomb, the false door representing a gate to the afterlive. |
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| unspun fibers of the flax plant, used later to make linen |
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| A painting technique in which pigments suspended in water are applied to a damp lime-plaster surface. The pigments dry to become part of the plaster wall or surface. |
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| powdered form of the mineral calcium carbonate used in art |
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| a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock. |
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| used in archaology to keep track of where items are found, also used by egyptians to draw/paint on tombs and walls, they used an 18 square grid |
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| Roman emperor from 117 – 138 AD, one of few emporers to actually visit Egypt, he founded Antinoopolis, "love affair" with Egypt |
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| pilgrimage to Mecca in islam |
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| Hathor was an ancient goddess, worshipped as a cow-deity from at least 2700 BC, during the 2nd dynasty, and possibly even by the Scorpion King |
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| fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of ancient Egypt, expedition to Punt 1473 - 1458 BC |
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| an Egyptian archaeologist and one of the world's foremost Egyptologists secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities |
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| common name for Cannabis sativa and the name most used when this annual plant is grown for non-drug purposes |
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| a Dorian Greek historian who lived in the 5th century BC (484 BC–ca.425 BC) and is regarded as the "father of history" |
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| making the most important figures in a work of art larger than less important figures. |
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| writing system used by the Ancient Egyptians, that contained a combination of logographic, alphabetic, and ideographic elements |
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| an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language, and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia from the 18th century BC, gone by the 8th century BC |
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| last Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt's 18th Dynasty from c.1320 BC to late 1292 BC |
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| ancient god of the Ancient Egyptian religion, whose cult survived so long that he evolved dramatically over time and gained many names. Horus was so important that the Eye of Horus became an important Egyptian symbol of power |
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| an English archaeologist and Egyptologist. He is most famous as the discoverer of KV62, the tomb of Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings, Luxor, Egypt |
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| an ethnically mixed group of people who invaded the eastern Nile Delta, initiating the Second Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt. They rose to power in the 17th century BC, and ruled Lower and Middle Egypt for over 100 years, forming the Fifteenth and possibly the vassal Sixteenth Dynasties of Egypt, (c. 1648–1540 BC). This 108-year period follows the Turin Canon, which gives the six kings of the Hyksos 15th Defeated by Ahmose in 1550 BC |
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| a hypostyle hall has a flat ceiling which is supported by columns |
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| first architect and physician known by name in written history |
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| Indo-European studies is a field of linguistics, dealing with the Indo-European languages. Its goal is to uncover information about the proto-language from which all of these languages are descended, a language of the early Bronze Age dubbed Proto-Indo-European, and its speakers, the hypothetical Proto-Indo-Europeans. |
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| the act of placing a person or object into the ground (burial) |
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| monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure |
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| hard, white, opaque substance that is the bulk of the teeth and tusks of animals such as the elephant, hippopotamus |
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| year of celebration and forgiveness originally held every 50 years in both Judaism and Christianity |
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| a Roman military and political leader and one of the most influential men in world history, “married” Cleopatra |
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| an Egyptian pharaoh of the Fourth dynasty, with his capital at Memphis, second of the tombs at Giza, 4th dynasty,2558 - 2532 BC |
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| one of the earliest Egyptian gods, originally the god of the source of the Nile River. Since the annual flooding of the Nile brought with it silt and clay, and its water brought life to its surrounds, he was thought to be the creator of human children, which he made at a potter's wheel, from clay, and placed in their mothers' wombs. He was later described as having molded the other gods, and he had the titles Divine Potter and Lord of created things from himself. |
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| a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt's Old Kingdom. He reigned from around 2589 BC to 2566 BC. Khufu was the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty. He is generally accepted as being the builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza, the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing |
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| In the Mediterranean Basin and the Near East, a kiosk is a small, separated garden pavilion open on some or all sides. Kiosks were common in Persia, India, and in the Ottoman Empire from the 13th century onward |
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| also known as just lapis, is a stone with one of the longest traditions of being considered a gem, with a history stretching back to 5000 BC. Deep blue in color and opaque, this gemstone was highly prized by the pharaohs of ancient Egypt, as can be seen by its prominent use in many of the treasures recovered from pharaonic tombs. |
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| general term for various naturally occurring minerals and materials derived from them, in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides of calcium predominate. |
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| sedimentary rock composed largely of the mineral calcite |
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| material made from the fibers of the flax plant. |
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| small terracotta pieces used to hold down the warp threads on a weaving loom |
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| - prior to his death, was more than a silent financial partner in the discovery of the tomb of King Tutankhamun. Were it not for him, Howard Carter would not only have lacked the financing and the concession to dig in the Valley of the Kings, he would have also lacked the political clout for what was, in the early 1900s a very publicly visible pursuit. The English Earl of Carnarvon apparently did not grow up with a fascination for Egyptology |
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| In ancient Egypt, N. nucifera was unknown, being introduced only at the time of the Persian invasions, late in Egyptian history. The Egyptians venerated the blue water lily (Nymphaea caerulea) and used it in worship, but did not know the true lotus, Nelumbo. |
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| was divided into two kingdoms, known as Upper and Lower Egypt, upper = south, lower = north |
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| Ancient Egyptian concept of law, morality, and justice[3] which was deified as a goddess |
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| ball on the end of a stick to whack enemies, usually found decorated in Egypt with stories |
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| a slave soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid sultans during the Middle Ages. Over time they became a powerful military caste, and on more than one occasion they seized power for themselves, for example in Egypt from 1250 to 1517. |
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| - an Egyptian historian and priest from Sebennytos (ancient Egyptian: Tjebnutjer) who lived during the Ptolemaic era, circa 3rd century BC. Manetho recorded Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt). His work is of great interest to Egyptologists, and is often used as evidence for the chronology of the reigns of pharaohs. |
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| (February 11, 1821 – January 19, 1881) was the foremost Egyptologist of his generation, and the founder of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. |
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| (June 23, 1846–June 30, 1916) was a French Egyptologist |
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| a flat-roofed, mud brick, rectangular building with sloping sides that marked the burial site of many eminent Egyptians of Egypt's ancient period |
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| an Egyptian pharaoh of the First dynasty, to some authors the founder of this dynasty, to others the Second. He lived ca. 3100-3000 BC. |
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| a pharaoh of the Fourth dynasty of Egypt (ca. 2620 BC–2480 BC) who ordered the construction of the third and smallest of the Pyramids of Giza. |
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| The first recorded use of mercenaries dates back to Ancient Egypt, 1500 BC, when Pharaoh Ramesses II used 11,000 mercenaries during his battles. |
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| vizier to pharaoh Teti, he has a large mastaba of 32 rooms in Saqqara |
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| fourth ruler of the 19th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. He reigned Egypt for almost 10 years between late July/early August 1213 to May 2 1203 BC according to contemporary historical records.He was the thirteenth son of Ramesses II and only came to power because all his older brothers had predeceased him, by which time he was almost sixty years old, fought and conquered libyans |
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| period in the history of ancient Egypt stretching from the establishment of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Fourteenth Dynasty, roughly between 2030 BC and 1640 BC. |
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| are distinctive architectural features of Islamic mosques, tall "towers" from which daily prayer is called |
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| a pulpit in the mosque where the Imam (leader of prayer) stands to deliver sermons |
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| a pre-Hellenic Bronze Age civilization in Crete in the Aegean Sea, flourishing from approximately 2700 to 1450 BC when their culture was superseded by the Mycenaean culture, which drew upon the Minoans |
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| a Hurrian kingdom in northern Mesopotamia from ca. 1500 BC |
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| denotes the habitation and workplace of a community of monks or nuns |
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| the christological position that Christ has only one nature, as opposed to the Chalcedonian position which holds that Christ has two natures, one divine and one human. |
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| temples constructed adjacent to, or in the vicinity of, royal tombs in the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom periods of Ancient Egypt |
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| an unfired brick made of clay. can be partially fired |
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| a chosen person at the mosque who leads the call (adhan) to Friday service and the five daily prayers |
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| an Arab religious, political, and military leader who established Islam and the Muslim community, 622 AD |
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| The act of preserving the bodies of the dead; practiced in Egypt to preserve the body for enjoyment of the afterlife. |
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| a person who practices the Islamic faith. |
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| an ancient Egyptian mother goddess with multiple aspects that changed over the centuries. Rulers of Egypt supported her worship in their own way to emphasize their own authority and right to rule |
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| greek people around 1900 BC, built lots of ships, Crete |
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| In March 1798, Bonaparte proposed a military expedition to seize Egypt, then a province of the Ottoman Empire, seeking to protect French trade interests and undermine Britain's access to India. Found rosetta stone, stolen by British on its way back |
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| district and town about 30km north of Luxor on the west bank of the Nile in southern Egypt, (Upper Egypt),includes some villages such as Toukh,khatara ,Danfiq and zawayda. It stands near the site of a necropolis from the prehistoric, pre-dynastic period around 4400-3000 BCE. |
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| an Egyptian king who ruled in the 31st century BC. Catfish chisel. |
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| a hydrated sodium carbonate mineral, One common use was in ancient Egypt as a part of mummification. |
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| large cemetery, Valley of the Kings |
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| the Great Royal Wife (or chief consort/wife) of the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (later Akhenaten), and the mother in law and probable stepmother of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun |
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| a striped cloth worn by the pharaoh.headdress |
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| period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BCE and the 11th century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt. The New Kingdom (1570–1070 BC) followed the Second Intermediate Period, and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period. |
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| sometimes called the Greek Testament or Greek Scriptures, and sometimes also New Covenant which is the literal translation of the Greek, is the name given to the final portion of the Christian Bible. The original texts were written by various authors after c. 45 AD and before c. 140 AD. Its books were gradually collected into a single volume over a period of several centuries. The New Testament is a central element of Christianity, and has played a major role in shaping modern Western culture. |
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| stick in the Nile used by pharaohs for predictions of water level |
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| division of ancient Egypt, 20 in Lower, 22 in Upper |
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| a tall, thin, four-sided, tapering monument which ends in a pyramidal top, Obelisks were a prominent part of the architecture of the ancient Egyptians, who placed them in pairs at the entrance of temples. Twenty-seven ancient Egyptian obelisks are known to have survived, plus the Unfinished obelisk found partly hewn from its quarry at Aswan. |
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| the name commonly given to that period in the 3rd millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization complexity and achievement — this was the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods, which mark the high points of civilization in the Nile Valley, third through the sixth dynasty |
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| refers to all versions and translations of the Hebrew Bible and is the first major part of the Bible used by Christians |
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| Onyx is a banded variety of chalcedony, a cryptocrystalline form of quartz. The colours of its bands are white and black. It is usually cut as a cabochon, or into beads, and is also used for intaglios and cameos. Some onyx is natural but much is produced by the staining of agate. |
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| One of the major divisions within Christianity |
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| the Egyptian god of life, death, and fertility. He is also called the Allfather. At the height of the ancient Nile civilization, Osiris was regarded as the primary deity of a henotheism |
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| a Turkish empire that existed from 1299 to 1922. At the height of its power in the 16th and 17th centuries, it spanned three continents, controlling much of Southeastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa |
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| goddess in Egyptian mythology. She was most prominent mythologically as the wife and sister of Osiris and mother of Horus, and was worshipped as the archetypical wife and mother |
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| a piece of pottery (or stone), usually broken off from a vase or other earthenware vesse |
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| an ancient Egyptian stela of black basalt engraved toward the end of the 5th dynasty (twenty-fifth century BC). It is probably the earliest Egyptian historical text. Now in a number of fragments, it details the reigns of the first Egyptian kings through the middle of the 5th dynasty. Manetho possibly used it to construct his dynastic chronology. Unfortunately, most of the information concerning the first and second dynasties has not survived. |
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| relief sculpture, had a spot for cosmetics, found in tombs |
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| paper, The main Egyptian writing material, and an important export. The earliest papyrus dates to the Ist Dynasty, the latest to the Islamic Period. Oddly enough, the papyrus plant became extinct in Egypt, being reintroduced in the 1960's, it is now an important link in the tourist trade. Sheets were made by cutting the stem of the plant into strips. These strips were soaked in several baths to remove some of the sugar and starches. These strips were then laid in rows horizontally and vertically |
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| breast bone/chest, worn in this area |
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| second part of the Egyptian year, Peret meaning emergence or growth |
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| an Iranian people who speak the Persian language and share a common culture and history |
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| a way of regarding a situation |
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| title used to refer to any ruler, usually male, of the Egyptian kingdom in the pre-Christian, pre-Islamic period. Such rulers were believed to be the reincarnation of Horus |
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| lighthouse, island of Egypt |
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| prior to 3100 BC is traditionally the period between the Early Neolithic and the beginning of the Pharaonic monarchy beginning with king Narmer |
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| Ptolemy, a Macedonian and one of Alexander the Great's generals, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as "Soter" (saviour). The Egyptians soon accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt. Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. |
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| Greek term for a monumental gate or door built in front of an Egyptian temple. It consists of two towers and the entrance between them, which is generally about half the height of the towers |
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| any three-dimensional structure where the upper surfaces are triangular and converge on one point, Pyramids functioned as tombs for pharaohs. |
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| a collection of Ancient Egyptian religious texts from the time of the Old Kingdom, mostly inscriptions found in pyramids. They depict the Egyptian view of the afterlife, and the ascent into the sky of the divine Pharaoh after death. They are the oldest collection of religious spells known to us from Ancient Egypt, dating back to the 5th and 6th Dynasty, approximately 2350 B.C. We do have, however, difficulties of absolutely dating the texts. They are written in Old Egyptian, and later evolved into the Coffin Texts and the Book of the Dead. The texts were non-illustrated funerary inscriptions written on the walls and sarcophagus of the early Ancient Egyptian pyramids at Saqqara |
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| one of the most common minerals in the Earth's continental crust |
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| the central religious text of Islam |
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| the sun-god of Heliopolis in ancient Egypt. In later Egyptian dynastic times, Ra was subsumed into the god Horus |
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| fourth pillar of Islam which is fasting, ninth month on the Islamic calendar |
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| eleven pharaohs of the later New Kingdom |
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| Ramesses the Great was an Egyptian pharaoh of the Nineteenth dynasty. He is often regarded as Egypt´s greatest and most powerful pharao |
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| Deshret is the formal name for the Red Crown of Lower Egypt. It would later be combined with the White Crown of Upper Egypt to form the Double Crown. The symbol sometimes given for this crown, and Lower Egypt, is that of the deity Nekhbet. |
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| an 18th dynasty official, serving as 'Governor of the Town' (Thebes) and 'Vizier' during the reigns of Tuthmosis III and Amenhotep II. He is noted for constructing a lavishly decorated tomb for himself in the Valley of the Nobles, containing lively, well preserved scenes of daily life during the Egyptian New Kingdom. His tomb is also important as it contains a full copy of a text detailing the duties of the office of the vizier, known as 'The Installation of the Vizier' |
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| Sculpture in which three-dimensional forms project from a flat background of which they are a part. The degree of projection can vary and is described as low relief (bas-relief.) carving and chiseling |
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| a Ptolemaic era stele inscribed with the same passage of writing in two Egyptian language scripts (hieroglyphic and demotic) and in classical Greek. It was created in 196 BC, discovered by the French in 1799 at Rosetta, and translated in 1822 by Frenchman Jean-François Champollion. Comparative translation of the stone assisted in understanding many previously undecipherable examples of hieroglyphic writing. |
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| the ritual prayer practised by Muslims in supplication to God. The term is commonly used to refer to the five daily prayers, which are compulsory upon all mature Muslims. |
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| The scarab was linked to Khepri ("he who has come into being"), the god of the setting sun. The ancients believed that the dung beetle was only male in gender, and reproduced by depositing semen into a dung ball. The supposed self-creation of the beetle resembles that of Khepri, who creates himself out of nothing. Moreover, the dung ball rolled by a dung beetle resembles the sun. The ancient Egyptians believed that Khepri renewed the sun every day before rolling it above the horizon, then carried it through the other world after sunset, only to renew it, again, the next day. |
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| The schists form a group of medium-grade metamorphic rocks, chiefly notable for the preponderance of lamellar minerals such as micas, chlorite, talc, hornblende, graphite, and others. Quartz often occurs in drawn-out grains to such an extent that a particular form called quartz schist is produced. By definition, schist contains more than 50% platy and elongated minerals, often finely interleaved with quartz and feldspar. |
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| The Scorpion King was a king of the Protodynastic Period of Egypt. It is thought by many archaeologists that he is identical with Narmer |
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| The Egyptian scribe was an important profession, and a tradition of schooling scribes developed. The scribal profession also had its companion people who were the painters and artisans who decorated tombs, buildings, furniture, statuary, etc with pictures, but often with hieroglyphic text. |
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| term used for a mysterious confederacy of seafaring raiders who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, invaded Cyprus, Hatti and the Levant, and attempted to enter Egyptian territory during the late 19th dynasty, and especially during Year 8 of Ramses III of the 20th Dynasty. |
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| an ancient Egyptian ceremony held to celebrate the continued rule of a pharaoh. |
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| first used to refer to a language family of largely Middle Eastern origin, now called the Semitic languages, Berber, Egyptian (including Coptic), Hausa, Somali, and many other related languages within the wider area of Northern Africa and the Middle East do not belong to the Semitic group |
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| the name of three Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt |
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| is an ancient god, who was originally the god of the desert, one of the two main biomes that constitutes Egypt, the other being the small fertile area on either side of the Nile |
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| a Meshwesh Libyan king of Egypt and founder of the Twenty-second Dynasty. |
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| (shabtis) a funerary figurine, usually in the form of a mummy, (as Osiris), which served as a dead man's deputy in order to do labor for him, mostly agricultural, in the afterlife |
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| The Tale of Sinuhe is an Ancient Egyptian work of literature. |
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| an iconic image of a recumbent lion with the head of a ram, of a falcon or of a person, invented by the Egyptians of the Old Kingdom, but a cultural import in Greek mythology |
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| a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected for funerary or commemorative purposes, most usually decorated with the names and titles of the deceased or living—inscribed, carved in relief (bas-relief, sunken-relief, high-relief, etc), or painted onto the slab |
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| a commercial quarter in an Arab city |
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| considered one of the most important deities of the Egyptian pantheon, god of judgement and gives talent to people |
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| Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus commonly called Trajan, was the second of the Five Good Emperors of the Roman Empire. Under his rule, the Empire reached its greatest territorial extent. |
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| The Turin King List also known as the Turin Royal Canon, is a unique papyrus, written in hieratic, currently in the Museo Egizio (Egyptian Museum) at Turin, to which it owes its modern name. The text dates to Ramesses II and mentions the names of all Egyptian rulers preceded by the register of gods that, as it was believed, ruled over Egypt before the Pharaonic era. |
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| opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminium. Since at least the First Dynasty (3,000 BCE), and possibly before then, turquoise was used by the Egyptians and was mined by them in the Sinai Peninsula, called "Country of Turquoise" by the native Monitu. |
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| a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty (ruled 1333 BC – 1324 BC), during the period of Egyptian history known as the New Kingdom. His original name, Tutankhaten, meant "Living Image of Aten", while Tutankhamun meant "Living Image of Amun". He is possibly also the Nibhurrereya of the Amarna letters |
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| the name conventionally given to several Egyptian pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty, an Anglicisation of the Egyptian name "Djehuty-mes", usually translated as "Born of the god Thoth": |
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| first great dynasty of the Muslim Caliphate, 661–750 |
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| the stylized, upright form of an Egyptian spitting cobra used as a symbol of sovereignty, royalty, deity and divine authority in ancient Egypt. |
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| At Bonaparte's invitation he joined the expedition to Egypt, and thus found the opportunity of gathering the materials for his most important literary and artistic work. He accompanied General Desaix to Upper Egypt, and made numerous sketches of the monuments of ancient art, sometimes under the very fire of the enemy. |
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| In ancient Egypt the highest ranking government official, after the pharaoh, acting as his chancellor |
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| originally the local goddess of the city of the same name, Per-Wadjet, named after her. As the patron goddess, she was associated with the land, and so became considered a snake, usually a cobra, which were omnipresent around the area. Indeed, her name means papyrus coloured, a reference to the Cobra's skin. Eventually, she became the patron goddess of the whole of Lower Egypt, and since she was linked to the land, she was thought of as the wife of Hapy, the god of the Nile, which flowed through it. As patron of Lower Egypt, she automatically became associated with Nekhbet, who held the same position in Upper Egypt, and together they were known as the two ladies of the pharaoh. As a cobra, she was depicted as such, and became confused with Renenutet, with whom her identity eventually merged. As patron and protectress, she was often shown coiled |
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| an English Egyptologist and a pioneer of systematic methodology in archaeology. He excavated at many of the most important archaeological sites in Egypt such as Abydos and Amarna. Probably his most important discovery was that of the Merneptah Stele. Classified all archaic pottery. 1853-1942. |
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| the Islamic concept of tithing and alms |
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| golden ratio in math/architecture, the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet |
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