Term
| 1. After 3000 B.C.E. all Sumerian cities were ruled by what form of government? |
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Definition
| By 3000, cities had kings (monarchs) that claimed absolute authority. |
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Term
| 2. What is cultural diffusion? Provide an example. |
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Definition
| Hyksos and Egypt ores chariots |
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Term
| 3. What purpose did writing and education serve in early Mesopotamian civilizations? |
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Definition
| To keep track of commercial transactions, tax collections, record keeping & to help organize political structures. |
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Term
| 4. What phenomenon made the quest for order crucial in Mesopotamia? |
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Definition
| Inhabitants in 6000 bce, but in 3000, population reached around 100,000, hence the quest for order becomes crucial. |
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Term
| 5. Who did the Mesopotamians trade with? |
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Definition
| 3500 had watercrafts, by 2300 trading regularly with Harappan in the Indus River Valley. |
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Term
| 6. Why did most cities turn into city states in Mesopotamia? |
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Definition
| Most cities turn into city states b/c they wanted to oversee the affairs of the agricultural areas around them to assure a constant food supply |
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Term
| 7. What were the conditions for women in Mesopotamia like? |
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Definition
Very Patriarchal society
Conditions for women got worse over time |
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Term
| 8. In what respects were the Israelites unique? |
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Definition
| Israelites were unique b/c they shunned multiple gods in favor of one god. |
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Term
| 9. In which society did women enjoy the most freedom and opportunity? |
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Definition
| women in Egypt were held in high regards, unlike other women from other civs |
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Term
| 10. By spreading their language across a huge stretch of Africa, the Bantu played a role similar to that played by the? |
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Definition
| By spreading their language across a huge stretch of Africa, the Bantu played a role similar to that played by Indo-Europeans. |
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Term
| 11. Like many other migrating peoples throughout history, the Bantu probably began their migrations because of? |
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Definition
| Like many other migrating ppl, the incremental process of migration, probably due to population pressures. |
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Term
| 12. How were Pharaohs in Egypt viewed? |
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Definition
| the pharaoh, Egyptian King. See as divine, claimed to be gods living on earth in human form, the owners & absolute rulers of all the land. |
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Term
| 13. How was wealth measured by the Aryans and many other pastoral societies? |
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Definition
| Wealth was measure by how many heads of cattle a man had |
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Term
| 14. What was the biggest military advantage of the Indo-Europeans was? |
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Definition
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Term
| 15. What was the purpose of Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa? |
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Definition
| Harappa and Mohenjo-daro were major trade centers |
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Term
| 16. How was social order regulated in India? |
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Definition
| the caste system served as a principal foundation of social organization |
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Term
| 17. Why does much of early Harappan history remain a mystery? |
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Definition
Harappan remains lie below the water table
Undecipherable to date – difficult for scholars to follow this society in great detail |
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Term
| 18. One of the biggest reasons for the decline of the Harappan, and many other early agricultural societies, was? |
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Definition
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Term
| 19. Unlike in India and Mesopotamia, writing in China was used by? |
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Definition
Unlike most other languages, written Chinese did not include an alphabetic or phonetic component.
Writing in China was used by rulers & their scribes who used it to record important events |
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Term
| 20.List the four river valley societies and their associated rivers? |
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Definition
Mesopotamia in the Tigris & Euphrates River Valleys
Egypt in the Nile River
Mohenjo-Dar & Harappa in the Indus River Valley (India)
Shang in the Yellow River or the Huang He Valley |
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Term
| 21. The Period of Warring States refers to the? |
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Definition
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Term
| 22. What was the mandate of heaven? |
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Definition
| Assumption that earthly events were closely related to heavenly affairs. Heavenly powers granted the right to govern – the “mandate of heaven” (divine right to rule) to an especially deserving individual known as the son of heaven. Ruler served as a link b/w heaven & earth |
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Term
| 23. Like many other agricultural societies, what was Vedic society like? |
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Definition
| Like Mesopotamia & Egypt, Vedic society was strongly patriarchal |
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Term
| 24. One of the reasons for the eventual collapse of the Zhou dynasty was the inability of its emperors to control the production of : |
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Definition
| Could not control the production of iron, enemies built up stockpiles of weapons. |
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Term
| 25. The Shang Dynasty was able to control more land because? |
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Definition
| The Shang Dynasty was able to control more land bc technological improvements such as bronze weapons & chariots made the dynasty more powerful |
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Term
| 26. How were the relations between the late Mesopotamian city-states? |
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Definition
| Mesopotamian city-states degenerated into constant conflict |
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Term
27. As populations increased, Mesopotamian cities were obligated to protect the welfare of their
citizens by? |
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Definition
| B/c agriculture was crucial to the warfare of urban residents the cities all became city-states: they not only controlled public life within the city walls but also extended their authority to neighboring territories & oversaw affairs in surrounding agricultural regions. |
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Term
28. Conquering armies were dependent upon new metal technology to best their opponents. Why did Bronze
metallurgy take the place of copper? |
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Definition
| , Mesopotamian metalworkers discovered that if they alloyed copper with tin, they could make much harder & stronger implements. |
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Term
29. Later the Hittites gained an advantage over Egypt when they used iron technology. Iron metallurgy
replaced bronze because |
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Definition
| Iron replaced bronze b/c it was less expensive |
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Term
| 30. Regarding social stratification, how were Mesopotamians divided? |
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Definition
King & nobles
Priests & priestesses – intervene with the gods to ensure good fortune
Commoners – worked the land
Depended clients – possessed no property
Slaves |
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Term
| 31. What area of Mesopotamian life deeply influenced both Phoenicians and Hebrews? |
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Definition
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Term
| 32. How did the Egyptians view the Nile? |
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Definition
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Term
| 33. Egypt was unified under Menes when he formed a ________ gov’t? |
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Definition
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Term
| 34. How did rulers in the New Kingdom demonstrate their power and authority |
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Definition
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Term
| 35. Since Egypt had an all-powerful divine ruler, rather than inherited nobility, the Egyptian ruling class was comprised of? |
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Definition
| Since Egypt had an all-powerful divine ruler, rather than inherited nobility, the Egyptian ruling class was comprised of the military & bureaucrats |
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Term
| 36. Who was Hatshepsut? Was she accepted by her people, if not, give an example |
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Definition
Her need to legitimatize her role as pharaoh would dominate her reign.
She stressed the fact that she was the daughter of a king Otmoses the 1st.
She had herself depicted with a male body, kilt & a false beard. |
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Term
| 37. In what way was Egyptian writing less cumbersome than cuneiform? |
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Definition
| Hieroglyphic writing survives also on sheets of papyrus, a paper-like material fashioned from the insides of papyrus reeds, flourished along the Nile. Less cumbersome than cuneiform which is on clay tablets |
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Term
| 38. Where are the origins of the Bantu language? |
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Definition
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Term
| 39. While Mesopotamia met its primary challenge by decentralizing, Egypt's response was to unify and remain so during most of its history. What was this challenge? |
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Definition
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Term
| 40. Egyptian history is traditionally organized around three kingdoms. What institutional patterns changed between the three? |
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Definition
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Term
| 41. Why is it difficult for scholars to follow development of Harappan society in great detail? |
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Definition
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Term
| 42. The Indus River was most like what other river in its origins and its deposition of silt? |
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Definition
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Term
| 43. The most likely cause for the decline of Harappan society after 1900 B.C.E. was |
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Definition
| Conquest natural disaster |
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Term
| 44.How was the Vedas originally transmitted? |
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Definition
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Term
| 45. What was the relationship b/w the Aryans and the Dravidians? |
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Definition
| They clashed with Dravidians, but didn’t destroy Harappan settlements. |
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Term
| 46. How are the Nile and the Indus rivers similar? |
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Definition
| They both flood annually and not randomly |
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Term
| 47. Which Chinese dynasty considered the first to bring China under unified control? |
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Definition
| Qin established in 221 first to bring China under unified control |
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Term
| 48. What technology is credited with the rise and success of the Shang dynasty? |
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Definition
| Control of bronze production strengthened Shang over the Xia & provided weapons superior to stone, wood & bone weapons. The Shang Dynasty was able to control more land bc technological improvements such as bronze weapons & chariots made the dynasty more powerful |
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Term
| 49. One reason the Zhou dynasty was able to topple the Shang dynasty, was that the Zhou |
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Definition
| Allied with the Shang & won recognition as kings. Overthrew them. Organized their allies more effectively than the Shang. |
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Term
| 50. One reason the Zhou dynasty fell was that it |
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Definition
Became weak, couldn’t control feudal lords (decentralized states).
Could not control the production of iron, enemies built up stockpiles of weapons.
Overexpansion |
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Term
| 51. The elite of the Shang and Zhou dynasties considered possession of what items a mark of status? |
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Definition
Bronze serving vessels were considered a mark of status.
medal goods, tools, wheat (need grains, could die without it). |
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Term
| 52. The nomadic peoples of central Asia provided what to the farmers with whom they traded? |
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Definition
| Sedentary ppl need animal products, horses, sheep, camel, wool. In exchange, nomadic communities need medal goods, tools, wheat (need grains, could die without it). |
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Term
| 53. The need organize effective flood control projects during the Xia dynasty is similar to the same need in which two places? |
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Definition
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Term
| 54. What is a main innovative idea in Hammurabi's law code? |
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Definition
whereby offenders suffered punishments resembling their violations
Borrowed laws promulgated by previous rulers & compiled the most extensive & complete Mesopotamian law code. |
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Term
| 55. In 3100 B.C.E., the history of Egypt is said to have begun when? |
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Definition
| After 3100, history of Egypt begins, Menes brings unified rule to Egypt. He founded the city of Memphis, the juncture of upper & lower Egypt. |
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Term
| 56. What do many researchers now think brought about the fall of the Indus River society? |
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Definition
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Term
| 57. Which people developed the world's first true alphabet? |
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Definition
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Term
| 58. In order to maintain an orderly state, where did Babylonian King Hammurabi develop laws from? |
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Definition
| Borrowed laws promulgated by previous rulers & compiled the most extensive & complete Mesopotamian law code |
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