Term
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Definition
| study of their functions and how they work |
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Term
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Definition
| study of structures of body parts – their forms and organization |
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Term
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Definition
Movement
Responsiveness
Reproduction
Growth
Respiration
Digestion
Absorption
Assimilation
Circulation
Excretion |
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Definition
water
food
oxygen
heat
pressure |
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Term
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Definition
head, neck, trunk (torso)
dorsal, ventral |
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Term
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Definition
(back/posterior)
Cranial cavity (brain)
vertebral canal (spinal cavity) |
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Term
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Definition
Thoracic cavity
Heart, lungs, trachea, bronchi, esophagus, thymus
Abdominal cavity
Stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, small intestine, most of large intestine
Pelvic cavity
End of large intestine, reproductive organs, urinary bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| extremities, upper/lower limbs. |
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Term
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Definition
Oral – mouth
Nasal – nose
Orbital – eyes
Middle ear cavities – ears |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
space between two lungs
heart, thymus |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| sac surrounds abdominopelvic |
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Term
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Definition
body covering
Skin, nails
Hair, sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Regulate body temperature
Houses sensory receptors
Synthesizes various substances |
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Term
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Definition
Bones, ligaments, cartilage that bind bones together
Provides framework for body structure
Act as protective shield
Provides attachments for muscle movement
Produce blood cells
Stores inorganic salts |
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Definition
all produce heat
Skeletal – produces body movements/maintains posture
Cardiac – pumps blood
Smooth – movement through internal organs and vessels |
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Term
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Definition
Integration and Coordination
Brain, spinal cords, nerves, sense organ
Receives, interprets, and acts on impulses
Muscle, gland movement |
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Term
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Definition
Regulates growth, development, and metabolism by sending hormones (chemical signals) to target tissue
Maintains homeostasis
Controls reproduction (cell) |
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Term
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Definition
Heart, all vessels: arteries and veins
Carries blood through out body
Blood transports oxygen, hormones, nutrients, and waste (CO2)
Blood provides communication to all cells |
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Term
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Definition
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
Transports excel fluid back to blood
Carries nutrients from digestive organs to blood
Defends body against disease |
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Term
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Definition
Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small and large intestine
Receives food
Converts food into nutrients
Moves nutrients into blood stream
Same digestive organ produce hormones |
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Term
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Definition
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Moves air in and out of body
Exchanges gases (CO2/O2) between blood/air
Helps regulate pH |
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Definition
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Filters waste/toxins from flood
Helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
Helps maintain pH |
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Term
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Definition
Female: ovaries, clitoris, vulva, fallopian tubes, uterus
male: testes, penis, scortum, vas deferens, prostate gland, epididymus, seminal glands, urethra, bulbourethral glands
Produces new organism
Produces, maintains, and transports sex cells |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
ventral - in front
dorsal - behind |
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Term
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Definition
towards midline
away from midline |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Lengthwise cut that divides body into left and right portions |
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Definition
| Divides body into upper/lower portions |
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Definition
| Divides body into front/back portions |
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Term
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Definition
most basic chemical substance
Atoms having the same atomic number |
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Term
| 95% of human body is composed of |
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Definition
| Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
Neutral charge
Smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of the element |
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Definition
positively charged
Contains protons and neutrons
Gives atom its weight |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of protons in a neutral atom |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of protons + number of neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| Atom of same element with different number of neutrons |
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Definition
| Electrically charged atom or group of atoms |
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Term
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Definition
Non-metal and metal
Anions (negative) and cations (positive) |
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Term
| Covalent bonding / molecular bonding |
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Definition
Sharing of electrons
Non-metals |
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Term
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Definition
| Weak bonds between hydrogen atoms – easily broken – easily reattached – in DNA or water |
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Term
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Definition
A+B => AB
Growth and repair ex: bone collagen |
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Definition
AB => A + B
Breaking down bond into simpler molecules
Digesting food, energy |
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Term
| exchange (double replacement) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| substances that release ions in water |
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Term
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Definition
electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water
Releases hydrogen ions (H+)
Proton donar |
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Term
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Definition
substances that release ions that can combine with hydrogen ions
proton acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
| electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base |
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Term
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Definition
indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in an equation
acidic – pH less than 7
basic – pH greater than 7
alkalosis – 7.5-7.8
acidosis – 7.0-7.3 |
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Term
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Definition
Contain carbon and hydrogen
larger than inorganic molecules
Dissolve in water and organic liquids
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inorganic salts |
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Term
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Definition
Medium for most metabolic reaction
Important role in transporting chemicals in the body
Can absorb and transport heat
Essential in hydrolysis and dehydration reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Used by organelles to release energy from nutrients |
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Definition
| Waste product released during metabolic reactions |
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Definition
Provide energy to cells
Supply materials to build cell structure
Water soluble
Ratio of C, H, and O close to 2:1 (C6H12O6) |
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Term
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Definition
Soluble in organic solvents
fats
Phospholipids
steroids |
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Term
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Definition
Energy sources
Chemical messengers (hormones)
Combine with carbs and function as receptors on cell surfaces
Antibodies – recognize and destroy foreign substances
Enzymes – catalyst in living systems
Globular (functional) – hemoglobin, hormones
Build blocks are amino acids
Contain C, H, O and N – sometimes sulfur |
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Term
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Definition
constitutes genes
play role in protein synthesis
nucleotides – building blocks
DNA, RNA, ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| group of similar cells that share a common function |
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Term
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Definition
Epithelia
Connective
Muscle
Nervous |
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Term
| Epithelia Characteristics |
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Definition
widespread
surface is anchored to connective tissue by basement membrane (a thin nonliving layer)
lack vasculate
Nourished by deep connective tissue
has rich blood supply)
Reproduce readily
tightly packed |
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Term
| Classification of Epithelia |
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Definition
simple – single
stratified – 2+ layers
squamous – thin, flat cells
cuboidal – cube-shaped cells
glandular – secrete/produce substances |
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Term
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Definition
flask shaped glandular cells that are scattered between columnar sells
secrete mucus (protection fluid) onto epithelium surface |
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Term
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Definition
| change in response to tension |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized to produce and secrete directly into body fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| glands are ductless – secrete directly into body fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete their products into ducts that open onto some surface |
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Term
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Definition
fluid product through cell membrane without losing cytoplasm
salivary gland, pancreas, sweat glands |
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Term
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Definition
secretes a pinched off portion of their glandular cell
mammary gland, salivary glands, ceruminous glands (ear wax) |
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Term
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Definition
secrete entire cells with secretory products
sebaceous glands |
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Term
| Connective Tissue Characteristics |
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Definition
most abundant tissue type
bind structure
provide support and protection
fill space
store fat
produce blood cells
protect against infections
help repair tissue damage
have a matrix
have varying degrees of vascularity
have cells that usually divide |
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Term
| major connective tissue cell types |
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Definition
fibroblasts
macrophages - phagocytic
mast cells - release heparin/histamine |
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Term
| Types of Connective Tissue |
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Definition
Loose
Adipose
Reticular
Dense
Elastic |
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Term
| Specialized Connective Tissue |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
bind skin to structure
Beneath most epithelia
Located between muscles |
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Term
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Definition
Cushions, insulates, store fats
beneath skin and behind eyes and around kidneys and heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Supports walls of liver, spleen, lymphatic organs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Attachments between vertebrae
Walls or large arteries, airways, heart |
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Term
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Definition
supports/protects
Forms blood cells (red bone marrow)
Attachment for muscles so they can move
Skeleton system
Stores inorganic salts |
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Term
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Definition
most abundant
ends of bone
nose, respiratory passage
embryonic skeleton
involved in bone growth/repair |
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Term
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Definition
very tough – large collagenous fibers
shock absorber
intervertebral discs
pads of knees and pelvic girdle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Attached to bones
Striated
Voluntary |
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Term
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Definition
Walls of organs, skin, walls of blood vessels
Involuntary
Non-striated |
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Term
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Definition
Heart wall
Striated
Involuntary
Intercalated discs |
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Term
| nervous tissue characteristics |
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Definition
Found brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves
Basic cells are neurons
Neurological cells are supporting cell
Sensory reception and motor function
Conduction of nerve impulses |
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Term
| Types of Epithelial Membranes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Line body cavities that lack openings to outside
Reduce friction
thorax and abdomen
Secretes serous fluids |
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Term
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Definition
Line tubes and organs that open to outside
Lining of mouth, nose, throat, etc.
Secrete mucus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Stunted growth
Deformed joints |
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Term
| Hereditary osteoarthritis |
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Definition
Change in amino acid in collagen
Painful joints |
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Term
| Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa |
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Definition
Breakdown of collagen
Stretchy skin
Lax joints |
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Term
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Definition
maintains homeostasis
protective covering
helps regulate body temperature
houses snsory receptors
contains immune system cells
synthesizes chemicals
secretes waste |
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Term
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Definition
outer layer
stratified squamous epithelium
lacks blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
inner layer
CT w/ collagen and elastic fibers
epithelial tissue
smooth muscle tissue
nervous tissue
blood |
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Term
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Definition
beneath dermis
loose connective and adipose tissues bind skin to organs
not part of the skin |
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Term
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Definition
cells harden
trands of proteins are synthesized and stored
dead cells form stratum corneum
shed |
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Term
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Definition
stratum basale (deepest)
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum (outter most) |
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Term
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Definition
specialized cells in epidermis
produce melanin (skin color) |
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Term
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Definition
epithelial cells
holocrine glands
sebum excretion (acne)
not in palms and soles |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
when body temperature rises above normal, nerve impulses stimulate the skin to release heat
radiation
conduction
convection
evaporation |
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Term
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Definition
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid (round) |
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Term
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Definition
end of a bone, articulates with another bone
Composed of spongy bone with thin layers of compact bone on their surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
shaft of the bone, located between the epiphyses
composed of compact bone |
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Term
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Definition
| thin membrane, containing bone-forming cells |
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Term
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Definition
tough, vascular covering of fibrous tissue that encloses the bone
Functions in the formation and repair of bone tissue |
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Term
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Definition
soft mass of connective tissue in …
Medullary cavities of long bones
Irregular spaces of spongy bone
Larger central canals of compact bone tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
replaces much of the red marrow
Stores fat and is inactive in blood cell production |
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Term
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Definition
metabolic processes
Blood clot formation
Nerve impulse conduction
Muscle cell contraction |
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Term
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Definition
skull
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
thoracic cage |
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Term
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Definition
Pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle (2 coxae)
Lower limbs |
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