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anatomy
muscle physiology
64
Other
Not Applicable
11/08/2006

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Term
name 3 types of muscle tissue
Definition
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Term
which muscle tissue is under voluntary control?
Definition
skeletal
Term
the dense connective tissue surrounding skeletal muscle is
Definition
fascia
Term
deep fascia supplies _____ and _____ to muscles
Definition
blood and nerves
Term
3 layers of fascia and what they surround
Definition
epimysium surrounds entire muscle, perimysium surrounds bundles called fasicles
endomysium seperates individual fibers
Term
a tendon is connective tissue that attaches ___________
Definition
muscle to bone
Term
aponeurosis are sheats of connective tissue that connect to
Definition
fascia or muscle
Term
a muscle fiber is a
Definition
long, multinucleic cell
Term
cytoplasm of muscle fibers is called the
Definition
sarcoplasm
Term
the plasma membrane of muscle fibers is the
Definition
sarcolemma
Term
the contractile elements w/in muscle fibers are called
Definition
myofibrils
Term
myofibrils are composed of two types of filaments
Definition
thick and thin
Term
thin filament is composed mostly of the protein ________, but also contain the proteins _________ and ___________.
Definition
actin, troponin and tropomyosin
Term
thick filaments are composed of the protein ________, and have __________.with binding sites for ___________ and ___________
Definition
myosin, heads, actin and atp
Term
a sarcomere is ___________ the light i bands are ___________ the dark a bands are _____________
Definition
one section of microfibril from one z line to next

actin filaments attached to z disc

overlapping myosin and actin filaments
Term
the sarcoplasmic reticulum is ___________. It contains high concentrations of _____________
Definition
membranous channels that surround myofibrils

high Ca ++ (calcium)
Term
a motor neuron fiber meets a muscle fiber at a _____. the gap between them is the _________
Definition
narrow muscular junction

synaptic cleft
Term
the area of the muscle fiber in the neuromuscular junction is the ____________.
Definition
motor end plate
Term
synaptic vesicle in the nerve ending contain __________ specifically in motor neurons they contain ___________.
Definition
neurotransmitters
Term
motor unit is ________________
Definition
motor neuron and the fibers it controls
Term
at rest, _____________ blocks myosin binding sites on the actin in the thin filaments
Definition
tropomyosin/tropomin complex
Term
a nerve impulse stimulates a motor neuron to release ___________ at the neuromuscular junction. This substance contacts ____________ stimulating _____________
Definition
acetylcholene

sarcolemma receptors

muscle impulse
Term
muscle impulse causes the ___________ to release its stored _____________ into the sarcoplasm
Definition
sarcoplasmic reticulum

Ca ++ (calcium)
Term
Ca++ binds to ________ causing it to change shape and expose the __________ on actin; ___________ blank then forms linkage w/actin on thin filament
Definition
troponin

binding sites

myosin
Term
the ____________ bends, causing the thin filament to _________
Definition
myosin head

slide inwards towards the sarcomere
Term
_____________ supplies the energy so that the myosin head of the ________ can release from the thin filament and to "cock" the _____________
Definition
ATP

cross bridge

myosin head
Term
the sliding filament theory states ________________
Definition
entire sarcomere shortens as filaments slide past each other
Term
when the nerve impulse stops, ___________ is broken down and ___________ is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
ACH

Ca++
Term
a recording of tension during muscle contraction
Definition
myogram
Term
the latent period is ________
Definition
time between stimulus and contraction
Term
the refractory period is _________
Definition
after tension muscle cant respond to new stimulus
Term
during of the period of contraction __________ are active
Definition
cross bridges
Term
what is happening during the period of relaxation?
Definition
reentry of Ca++ into sarcoplasmic reticulum
Term
wave summation is
Definition
rapid series of stimuli causes a twitch to be stronger than previous twitch
Term
fused, or complete, tetanus is
Definition
smooth sustained contraction
Term
recruitment is
Definition
multiple motor unit summation
Term
threshold stimulus is
Definition
first observable contraction occurs
Term
maximal stimulus
Definition
strongest stimulus produces increased contractile force
Term
muscle tone is
Definition
continuous state of partial contraction
Term
2 major types of contractions
Definition
isotonic -muscle changes, moves a load

isometric=- muscle doesnt change; load is greater than force of muscle
Term
2 types of isotonic contraction
Definition
concentric- muscle shortens

eccentric- muscle lengthens as it contracts
Term
which molecule directly supplies energy for muscle contraction ??
Definition
ATP, STORED VERY LITTLE
Term
___________ REGENERATES ATP QUICKLY BY DIRECT TRANSFER OF A PHOSPHATE GROUP
Definition
creatine phosphate
Term
glycolysis is ____________. its product is _____________
Definition
anarobic production of ATP from glucose

lactic acid
Term
which method of atp production produces the most atp per molecule of glucose
Definition
aerobic cellular respiration, requires O2, slow
Term
______________ molecule of glucose storage in muscle cells
Definition
glycogen
Term
muscles use glucose from ________ or blank
Definition
glycogen or blood streem
Term
myoglobin is _____________
Definition
red pigment, stores O2 in muscles
Term
muscle fatigue is

what causes it?
Definition
physiological inability to contract

atp use > atp production lactic acid contributes
Term
oxygen debt is
Definition
1. extra o2 needed to restore levels in muscles
2. myoglobin restores atp and creatine phosphate reserves
3. reconvert lactic acid to glucose
Term
slow oxydative muscles
Definition
red dark

long periods

ATP PRODUCTION = ATP USE
Term
fast glycolytic muscles
Definition
white, short periods, lesser ability for atp production
Term
smooth muscles, actin and myosin filaments are arranged in
Definition
diaganol sheets
Term
2 types smooth muscle
Definition
single unit, multi unit
Term
multi unit smooth muscle fibers are found in, and are arranged?
Definition
iris, large airways, large arteries and erector pili muscles NOT ORGANIZED
Term
visceral, single unit, smooth muscle is found in, arranged? in some organisms the can produce a wave like motion called
Definition
walls of hollow organs, sheets of spindle shaped cells

peristalsys
Term
smooth muscle contraction is activated when __________ the neurotransmitters are ___________
Definition
ca++ molucules bind with calmodulin

acetylcholene and norepinehpron
Term
smooth muscle contractions are affected by ___________ and
__________
Definition
hormones and stretching
Term
bones and muscles function together as
Definition
levers
Term
parts of the lever in the body
Definition
joint-fulcrum

bones are the lever

contraction is the effort

body tissue is the load
Term
mechanical advantage
Definition
load close to fulcrum/effort far
Term
mechanical disadvantage
Definition
load FAR from fulcrum/effort close
Term
3 types of levers w/examples
Definition
1. 1st class load-fulcrum-effort see-saw, lifting head

2. 2nd class fulcrum-load-effort wheel barrow and tiptoes UNCOMMON IN BODY

3. 3rd class load-effort-fulcrum forceps lifting weights
Term
FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES
Definition
maintaining posture, movent, stabilizing joints, generating heat
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