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| a group of similar cells that perform a common function |
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| nonliving intercellular material |
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| found either covering structures or lining spaces and used for a secretion |
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| covers the body and some of its parts; lines the serous cavities; ex. blood, lymphatic vessels, respiratory system, and digestive system |
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| secretes a product ex. adrenal glands, pancreas |
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| a glue that holds the epithelial cells onto the tissues that exist below them |
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| does not have blood in between the cells |
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| flat, thin cells found where a lot of exchange takes place; ex. blood vessels, mesothelium |
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| 1 layer of cube shape cells; ex. glands and ducts |
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| 1 layer of column-shaped cells; modified for some tasks; lines hollow visceral cells; ex. goblet cells, cilia, microvilli |
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| here, it looks like there are layers of cells but there are actually not; they have cilia and move substances place to place |
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| classified based on surface cells; multiple cells; gives extra protection; found in places where there is abrasion (like the skin) |
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| stretching and relaxing tissue; found in lining of stomach and bladder |
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| a reference to space inside a structure such as arteries, tubules, and digestive tracts |
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| contains epithelial tissue (specifically stratified squamous) |
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| combination of many types of tissue |
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| predominant feature is extracellular matrix, extracellular matrix determines its physical characteristics and can be fluid, solid, or gelatinous and can have fiber or no fibers |
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| mature, inactive bone cells existing in solid matrix space called lacuna |
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| make up shaft of long bone (like the femur) |
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| functionial units of compacy bones made up of osteocytes |
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| active bone-forming cells; they BUILD BONES |
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| bone-destroying cells; they KILL BONES |
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| found in the spongy, cancellous bone; responsible for blood cell formation |
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| blood stem cells turn into different types of blood cells |
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| a connective tissue that only contains chondrocytes |
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| most common type, ends of long bones, helps one bone move past another relatively seamlessly |
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| intervertabral disc, in the pubic bone |
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Skeletal: striated voluntary
Smooth: nonstriated involuntary
Cardiac: the heart, striated involuntary |
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| What are the 3 types of muscles? How can they be differentiated between? |
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| this type of muscle is made up of fibers and have many nuclei per fiber |
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| in this type of muscle cell, nuclei are found in particular spindle shaped muscle cells |
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| In this type of muscle, contractions are not as strong as in skeletal muscles |
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| this helps regulate and integrate the body activities and coordinate how 1 system is functioning based on how another system is |
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| 1 of the qualities of nervous tissue, this means it is able to respond to stimulus |
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| one of the qualities of nervous tissue, this means that it is able to generate change to bring information from 1 place to the next |
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| the conducting unit of the cell |
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| transmits nerve impulse away from the cell body to effector cell (tells what to do next) |
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| transmits nerve impulse toward cell body and axon, pickup information and bring to cell body |
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| special connecting, supporting, coordinating cells that surround neurons |
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| carry blood away from the heart |
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| carries blood towards the heart |
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| this is where the heart sits in the thorastic cavity |
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| this receives blood from the right ventricle and carries blood away form the heart and then divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries |
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| this is how blood enters the heart from the body |
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| these carry blood from the heart towards the lungs |
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| the largest artery in the body, this distributes blood to the body as a whole |
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| blood flow, from heart to lungs and back |
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| blood flow that originates in the heart (left ventricle) and goes to the right atrium (it is a much longer circuit) |
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| collection of tissues that distribute blood where it needs to go; 3 layers: outer [fibrous connective tissue], middle [muscular layer], inner [endothelium, simple squamous] |
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| purpose is diffusion and exchange of materials-come back together into venules, forming veins |
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| purpose is diffusion and exchange of materials-come back together into venules, forming veins |
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| help direct blood flow, prevent blood from flowing backwards |
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| this system's purpose is to transport materials and wastes to where they need to be taken to be gotten rid of; important in maintaining homeostasis of internal temperature |
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| closed circulatory system |
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| this system is found in analids and phylum cordata where all of the blood vessels ultimately wind up getting back to the pump |
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| in this system fluid does not stay contained within the vessels but sucks fluid from the body cavity; found in arthropods and mollusca |
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| Cardiac Conduction System |
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| the system that exists within the heart involved in regulating heart rate or heart bear under unconscious control |
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| releases a hormone called epinephrin found in the adrenal glands |
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| the formal name for adrenaline |
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| modified cardiac muscle tissue and has conductive nervous tissue; has its own intrinsic rhythm. |
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| picks up signal generated by SA node and relays impulse along more modified cardiac muscle tissues through bundle brandles and Purkinje fibers |
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| red blood cells, tons of hemoglobin |
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| white blood cells-much larger than red cells, tons of lysosomes if in phagocytosis |
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| cell fragments; cells within bone marrow apoptose and become these |
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| structures that lymphatic vessels empty into |
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| reference to spaces in skull where fluid is collected |
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| one region of the spleen, blood empties into particular region of the stream |
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| one region of the spleen, densely packed white blood cells become mature |
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| cell/plasma membrane of muscle fibers |
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| network of tubules and sacs found within muscle fibers; from sarcolemma |
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| sequesters calcium ions from the sarcoplasm using a lot of ATP |
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| outermost layer of the muscle; primarily connective tissue |
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| goes around individual bundles of muscle fibers; nervous and vascular tissue here |
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| keeps muscle cells separated from each other |
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| giant chains of protein that make up the bulk of the interior of a muscle cell and run entire length of the muscle cell |
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| protein that blocks the active sites (where myosin can cross bridge) on actin molecules |
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| protein that hold tropomyosin molecules in place |
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| the area of communication between as well as the neuron membrane |
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| cartilages that vibrate when sound passes through them |
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| branches of the trachea; bring air to specific lung |
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| subdivisions of the bronchi |
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| clusters of bronchioles at bottom of lungs |
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| getting air to leave the lungs |
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| the beginning of the windpipe; vocal folds are found here |
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| separates the digestive tract from the respiratory tract. The only time the trachea is closed off is when this closes |
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| a tubular structure (the windpipe) that is permanently held open by rings of cartilage that allows for free passage of air without obstruction |
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| alveoli fill with pus and fluid, making gas exchange difficult |
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| lungs secrete substances to encapsulate better, the alveoli become less elastic and compliant |
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| lungs secrete substances to encapsulate better, the alveoli become less elastic and compliant |
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| airways are always inflamed due to irritation and bronchioles constrict due to muscle spasms |
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| pulmonary disorder caused by infection; alveoli have stretched out and burst; reduced gas exchange ability; heart has to work way harder |
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| has one opening and is usually called the mouth (all purpose opening used for ingestion and elimination) found in flatworms, jellyfish, etc |
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| sometimes referred to as "tube-within-a-tube" system, 2 openings (mouth & anus) and is closed off from rest of body; humans have this |
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| aka filter feeders, water is continuously moving in through mouth or other opening |
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| ingest food periodically as opposed to continuously; have storage area for food so that digestion happens more gradually |
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| physical breakdown of food into smaller particles |
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| chemical breakdown of macromolecules in food into their individual monomers |
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| aka oral cavity; here food enters body |
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| keep food inside mouth after it has entered |
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| roof of mouth; separates nasal from oral cavity; tongue pushes against this to flatten food |
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| helps to prevent food from entering nasal cavity when swallowing |
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| manipulate food to facilitate mechanical breakdown |
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| in mouth, contain fluid and enzyme called salivary amylase; begins chemical breakdown |
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| mass of chewed food that has been mixed with saliva and is ready to be swallowed |
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| first portion of small intestine, here nutrient breakdown is completed |
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