Term
|
Definition
| movement of air between the environment and the lungs. bulk flow |
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Term
|
Definition
| gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the pulmonary circulation. Diffusion |
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Term
|
Definition
| transportation of gases between the pulmonary capillaries in other tissues of the body. Bulk flow |
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Term
|
Definition
| gas exchange between the blood in the systemic capillaries and the metabolizing tissues. Diffusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| interconnection for nose/mouth and mouth/oral cavity, as well as esophagus and trachea. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| start of respiratory tube |
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Term
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Definition
| anterior segment of trachea, voice box |
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Term
| Movement of air (bulk flow) is proprtional to... |
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Definition
| difference in pressure. Flow is proportional to (P atmospheric - P alveolar) |
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Term
|
Definition
| decrease aveolar pressure below atmospheric |
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Term
|
Definition
| increase in alveolar pressure above atmospheric |
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Term
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Definition
| inner membrane lining of sac that adheres to the surface of the lung |
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Term
|
Definition
| outer membrane lining of sac that adheres to the thoracic wall and diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
| between above two membranes (visceral pleurae and parietal pleurae); contrains a thin layer of fluid that keeps both membranes in contact with each other |
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Term
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Definition
| expand thoracic cavity by expanding rib cage (contract external intercostal muscles) and lowering diaphrams. (streches parietal and visceral pleurae through force transduce via fluid. ultimately streching lungs |
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Term
| Expiration as passive process |
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Definition
- ribs rebound after contraction of external intercostals. - relaxed diaphram rebounds -elasticity of lung tissue helps passive exhalation |
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Term
| Expiration as active process |
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Definition
basically forces contraction of internal intercostals to depress rib cage and -contract abs to force viscera up against diaphragm |
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Term
|
Definition
| phospholipid that reduces surface tension of water layer. |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of air inspired or expired per breath during normal, quiet respiration |
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Term
| Inspiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| amount of air that can be inspired beyond a resting tidal inspiration |
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Term
| Expiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| amount of air that can be expired beyond a resting tidal expiration |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of air left in lungs after a maximum expiration |
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Term
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Definition
maximum amount of air that can expired after maximum inspiration - (IRV + TV + ERV) |
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Term
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Definition
total volme of lung after maximum inspiration -(IRV + TV + ERV + RV) |
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Term
|
Definition
| maximal amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration ( IRV + TV) |
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Term
| Functional residual capacity |
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Definition
| amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal expiration ( ERV + RV) |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of air moved through the respiratory system per minute ( tidal volume) X (breaths per minute) |
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Term
| Smooth muscles of bronchioles in response to high CO2 have... |
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Definition
poor alveolar ventilation -high CO2 in alveoli -dilation |
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Term
| Smooth muscles of pulmonary arterioles in respond to low O2 or high (H) |
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Definition
-Vasocontrict -poor alveolar ventilation -arterioles run through intersitial space low in O2 and high in CO2 |
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Term
| Smooth muscles of pulmonary aterioles in response to high O2, low CO2... |
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Definition
-vasodilate -have poor circulation |
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Term
| Nose, Mouth, and pharynx regardin air purification |
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Definition
-tissue surface warms air to body temperature before it gets to lung -hair of nose filters out large particles -particles greater than 10 u stick to mucus on membranes |
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Term
| particles ___ u settle out on mucus on ____, ___, ____ |
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Definition
3-10 walls of bronchi bronchioles aveolar ducts |
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Term
| In the alveoli, small ___ particles diffuse into blood or are suspnded (____) and exhaled |
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Definition
>0.3 u aersols -a suspension of fine solid or liquid droplets in a gas |
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Term
| Two ways of eliminating particles that settle out on walls of respiratory tree... |
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Definition
1. mucus layer moves upward to pharynx by cilia and swallowed 2. sneeze |
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Term
| Two ways to eliminate particles that settle in alveoli |
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Definition
1. engulfed by lymphocytes 2. remain encapsulated on alveolar surface |
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Term
| Water vapor, when _____ air reaches lungs, it is ___C and ____. it contains __ mm Hg water vapor. There is ___ % of O2 in air. thus ___ mm Hg ppO2 reaches the lung. |
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Definition
1. inspired 2. 37 3. saturated 4. 47 5. 21 6. (760 mm Hg - 47 mm Hg) X 0.21 = 150 mm Hg |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is referred to as an equivalent parial pressure |
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Term
At equilibrium, amount of gas in solution depends upon what three factors: |
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Definition
- solubilty of gas in the liquid -temperature - partial pressure (pp) of gas in air pgase that is in contact with the liquid |
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Term
| ___ C water in equilibrium with air containing a pO2 of ____ mm Hg contains slightly more than ___ O2 per liter of water |
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Definition
1. 37 C 2. 105 mm Hg 3. 3 ml |
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|
Term
| Factoid: 3 ml O2 / liter is a gas tension of 105 mm Hg. the 3 ml O2 / liter always has an oxygen tension (pO2) of 105 mm Hg regardless of whether the liquid is in contact with air or has air with a different pO2. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Gas exhange in nose may be dry. ppO2 =_____ pp C02 = _____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
Humidified, warm air entering lungs : pp O2 = _____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
Air in alveoli has an exchange between ___ and ____. pp O2 = ____ and pp CO2 = _____. |
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Definition
1. air in alveoli
2. gas in blood 3. 105 mm Hg 4, 40 mm Hg |
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|
Term
Exhaled air represents a mixture of ___ and ____ air that remained in Antomical Dead Space (___) pp O2= ____ pp CO2 = _____ |
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Definition
1. alveolar 2. atmospheric 3. plumbing of respiratory sysytem 4. 120 mm Hg 5. 32 mm Hg |
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Term
Gas content of pulmonary blood equilbrates with air in alveoli a. arterial blood to lungs: P O2 = ____, P CO2 = ____ b. venous blood leaving lungs : P O2=____, P CO2 = ____ |
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Definition
1. 40 mm Hg 2. 46 mm Hg 4. 100 mm Hg 5. 40 mm Hg |
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Term
| In the blood, there is a small amount of ____ oxygen. ___% of the O2 out of solution is attached to ___ in ____ |
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Definition
1. dissolved 2. 98% 3. hemogoblin 4. red blood cells |
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Term
Properties of Hemogoblin: _____ (2__, 2___) each surround one heme -heme contains ___ that binds to an oxygen molecule - binding _____, amount bound depends on ____ |
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Definition
1. protein globins 2. alpha 3. beta 4. iron 5. reversible 6. pp O2 |
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Term
Hemogoblin graph has ____ shape due to heme-heme interaction. -hard for 1st ___ to attach. 2nd ____ changes shape of goblins makin it easier to bind. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-HB has less affinity for O2 in acidic environment -enhances unloading at tissues, reversed at lungs wehre CO2 is given off -shift to right when CO2 or H concentration increases |
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Term
| What causes shift to right in the % saturation versus pO2 in plasma graph? |
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Definition
Bhor shift or temperature increase. -temperature increase causes unloading at hot muscles |
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Term
| ________ reduces affinity of binding for heme- heme interactions. This is produced in ____ and is always present. The production is stimulated by a drop in ______ |
|
Definition
-2,3 - diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3 DPG) -RBC -pO2 in RBC |
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Term
|
Definition
-differnt type of molecule in fetus - higher affinity for O2 because Fetal Hb can not bind to 2,3 DPG -allows O2 to be transferred from maternal blood at the placenta |
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|
Term
Myoglobin binds to ____. there is a ____ affinity for O2, (___). It is found in ____ Myoglobin enhances diffusion of O2 through ____ to mitochondria -it also acts as a store of O2 when demandexceeds diffusion rate. at the start of ____. during ___ when coronary flow is squeezed shut. |
|
Definition
-only one heme -high -to the left -striated muscle cells -cytoplasm -exercise -systole |
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Term
CO2 Transport -CO2 dissolves in ____ - most dissolved CO2 combines with water to form _____ -a. slow rate in ____ -b. fast rate in ___ due to enzyme ___ - dissociates into ___ and _____ -hemoglobin buffers the H+, reducin Hb affinity for O2. - Cholride shift -CO2 lost at___, so reactions go in reverse -CO2 binds to globin part of Hb to form ______ |
|
Definition
-plasma - carbonic acid H2CO3 -plasma -RBC - carbonic anhydrase -H+ -HCO3- -alveoli -carbaminohemoglobin |
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Term
|
Definition
| - when bicarbonate from RBC gets exchanged to the plasma for Cl- |
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Term
| Respiratory centers located in ____ produce rhythmic breathing patterns. This rate is controlled by higher centers on ____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Chemoreceptors are peripheral receptors that detect changes in ___, ___ in blood. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Aortic Bodies are responsible for measuring changes in ______, partial pressures of ___ and ___, and blood gases. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Carotid bodies is sensitive to ___ and ____. it is located by the carotid artery, which supplies____ |
|
Definition
-pH -temperature -oxygenated blood |
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Term
| Rise in CO2, H+ stimlautes ____ breathing rate |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-stretching during inspiration inhibits the inspiration centers in the medulla -lack of stretching during expiration inhibits expiratory centers |
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Term
| Stretch receptors help regular _______ in newborns. Not functional in adults at _____, butinolved in respiratory control at high ____. |
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Definition
-resting ventilation -resting tidal volumes -tidal volumes |
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Term
| During exercise,rate and depth of ventilation both increase so that ___ and ___ both remain constant in _____ |
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Definition
-pO2 - pCO2 -arterial blood |
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Term
| High elevation cause a ____ in ppO2 which in turn causes chemoreceptor to become moresenitive to pCO2 |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| At high ventilation, you intially ____ to blow off excess CO2, which would eventually ____ the increase in ventilation. end results is you do not ventulate much more in oxygen poor environment |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In high elevation, the low pO2 in arterial blood cause stimulation of _____ production. thus Hb ____ is enhanced |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Under high elevation, amount of O2 in blood is ____. ____ stimulated to produce more Hb and RBC's. this is a slow response (acclimation) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| non-self molecule or organisms that are recognized by immune system |
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|
Term
| ____ consume things that have no markers |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When a phagocytee has eaten foreign antigen, then it becomes a ____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Phagocytes digest antigen in food vacuole. It puts fragments of ____ proteins on its surface in MHC II markers |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Activated B cells are those whose receptors bind to ___. They divide to form a clon which has ______ specific to that ____. |
|
Definition
-antigenic markers
-immune receptors -antigen |
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|
Term
| B cells mature and become _____. these in turn get make copies and get dumped into blood & lymph as _____. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| antibdoies coat antigens and this encourages phagocytosis |
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Term
| Specific Helper T cells that have the immune receptors are activated when presented with ___. They secrete ____ which attract ____ |
|
Definition
-antigen fragment
-cytokins - macrophages |
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Term
T lymphocytes initiate ___ |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-cause infected body cells to die -cancel cells mark themselves abnormal |
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Term
| Antibodies are 4 stranded proteins. They are composed of ___ and ____ chains held together by ____ bond. |
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Definition
-2 heavy -2 light -disulfide |
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Term
| Four Functions of Antibodies are: |
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Definition
- neutralization -Agglutination - precipation of soluible antigens -complement fixation (activation of complement) |
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Term
|
Definition
antigen not killed but poinsozation prevents vrius from gettin inside cell - blocks binding site on virus |
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Term
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Definition
| microbes clumped together, preventing passage. |
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Term
Precipitation of soluble antigens- |
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Definition
-NOT bacteries or viruses - toxins, good because easier for phagocytes to find antigen |
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Term
Complement Fixation - -a complement is ___ -get activated when ____ the complement inserted into angtigen to make a hole |
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Definition
effective on bacteria, not virus, works oin cellular antigen -a group ofproteins, always in blood but not activated - antibodies interact |
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Term
|
Definition
| posses memory B, T cells so you have active immunity to that antigen, all of antigens before you get sick |
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Term
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Definition
| no memory cells, just antibodies, doesn't last long |
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Term
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Definition
| you have exposure to pathogems. have produced memory cells |
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Term
| B and T cells formed in _______. B cells mature in _____. B cells destroyed if matched with ____. T cells mature in ____. |
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Definition
-Red bone marrow - bone marrow -antigen -thymus gland |
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Term
| infected cells give off ___ that other other cells such as helper t cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Macrophage gives off ____ activate____. gives ____ and acts on ____ and ____ that have been activated |
|
Definition
- intaleukin 1 ( a cytokin) -helper t cells -intaleukin 2 - cytotoxins - B cells |
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|
Term
| Examples of site specific phagocytes that were once monocytes in blood... |
|
Definition
- microglia in CNS -alveolar macrophages in lungs -histocytes in spleen and lymph nodes -kupher cells in liver |
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Term
| Monocytes in blood move to lymph via ____ |
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Definition
| -diapedesis - squeeze through capillary pores |
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Term
|
Definition
| follow contentration levels toward inflammed areas |
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Term
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Definition
| assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to lymphocytes, and inducing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. When the antigen is presented to matching T and B cells, those cells multiply and strategically and specifically wipe out the foreign substance. That is why antigen presentation is so important to the immune response. |
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|
Term
| Natural killer cells ( not lymphocytes) |
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Definition
-non specific ( no immune receptors) -kill body cells in non specific manner -anny corruption of MHC I is their stimulus -also attack cancer cells |
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Term
| RBC have A and B markers, type O has no markers on them. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Type A bloodhas ___ antibodies. Type B blood has ____ antibodies. Type AB blood has ____ antibodies. Type O has ____ antibodies. These are contained in whole blood, plasma |
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Definition
-anti -B -anti - A -no -both anti-B and anti -A |
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|
Term
| Rh markers are the + and -. behave the same way. If mother Rh- has Rh+ child, the antibodies can cross placenta. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-anti RH antibodies cross placenta and attacke fetal RBC. -fetal abilty tocarry O2 is compromised |
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Term
|
Definition
-binds and destroys fetal Rh D positive RBC that have passed through placenta from fetus to mother -prevents maternal B cell activation and memory formation |
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Term
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Definition
-wastes build up --> macrophages can't clean quickly -horse antibodies, get rid of them eventually and ur immune system produces antibodies for that because it has memory |
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Term
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Definition
-involves basophils --> mast cells - granules contain histamine which causes vasodilation -this is due to relaxeation of smooth muscles of arterioles, but constrict muscle of bronchioles |
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|
Term
| What causes release of histamines and swelling? |
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Definition
-Ig E on mast cells react with pathogen and cause mast cells to release histamines - swelling localizes theinjections through high pressure keeping blood there and slloed WBC to attack at specific locations |
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Term
| Allergies develop as byproducets once free from ___ and ____ |
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Definition
major obseves? -hypersensitivity to certain antigens |
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|
Term
| During allergies, lots of ___ are producedm thus your ___ become more sensitive to antigen. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| If allergies go to blood stream |
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Definition
| -vasodilation in all vessels, thus Blood pressure decreases becase of lower resistance. |
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Term
|
Definition
-failure to recognize own cells and parts -some WBC will be by chance -women are 10x more likely to have autoimmunity |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tuberculous, Hepatitis B. Virus enters ____. ___ kill the cells. T cells secrete cytokinases that attract___ and attack cells vigoursly. |
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Definition
-liver -T lymphocytes -macrophages |
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Term
B cells replicate and mature into ____. secrete ___ with ____ help from ____. B cells need ___ for good response. |
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Definition
-plasma cells -antibodies -lymphatose?? -T helper cells -T helper cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| -get vigours antibodies response w/o t helper cells |
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Term
|
Definition
many immune receptors on B cells activated because of repeated markers of flagellium. -stimulation strong enough to all B cells to produce antibodies. |
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Term
|
Definition
| blood circulation carrying O2 to all cells |
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Term
|
Definition
from blood to cells (internal respiration [celular]) -works reverse for CO2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| epithelial membranes that lines cavities of body and organs that lie within those cavities |
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|
Term
In thorax, the mesentry support is the ____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In the abdomen, the mesentery support is the _____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ lines the body wall in the abdomen |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ lines the organs in the abdomen |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___ is a double layered membrane attaching the ___ to the ____ |
|
Definition
-mesentery - gut -body wall |
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|
Term
| The ____ is the double layered membrane attaching two segments of _____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| With the swallowing reflex, you open the _____ and propel food to the esophagus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at the end of the esophagus, you open the ____ which spans the width of the diaphram. There is a pressure gradient between ___ and ___ cavities which alternates during each respiratory cycle. |
|
Definition
gastroesophageal sphincter -thoracic -abdominal |
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|
Term
| Reflux ( heartburn) is common when position is altered during ___ with ___. |
|
Definition
-pregnancy -new babies (differential growth will move sphincter downward) |
|
|
Term
| In the stomach, there is some digestion of ___ and ___. Absorption is limited to ___ and ___. |
|
Definition
-proteins -fats -alcohols -aspirins |
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|
Term
| Within the Gastric mucosa, there are 4 types of cells... they are.. |
|
Definition
-Goblet cells -Parietal cells -cheif cells -G cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parietal cells secrete ___ and have___ |
|
Definition
-HCl -an intrinsic factor necessary for Vitamin B12 (used in maturation of RBC's) absorption in intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
denautring proteins -formation for pepsin from pepsinogen -activation of pesin -actiavation of a lipase secreted by salivary gland |
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|
Term
| ____ protects self digest against HCl |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acid tolerant bacteria, burrows beneath the mucus and erodes the gastric epithelium allowing damage |
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|
Term
| Bile and pancreatic ducts enter through the ___ of the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The external anal sphincter has ___ muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The internal anal sphincter has ____ muscles |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ is a membrane the prohibits back flow of chyme into ileum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the large intestine, the ___ contains lots of lymphatic tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The strong perstalic waves in the large intestine are stimuluated by___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the large intestine ____ , ____ and __ are absorbed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The liver is arranged in ___, each surrounded by ____. |
|
Definition
-lobules -triads ( artery, vein, bile duct) |
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|
Term
| The ____ and ___ supply the lobules with blood. |
|
Definition
-Hepatic Artery -Hepatic Portal Vein |
|
|
Term
| B.lld drains in liver via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| channels within lobules that collect bile secretioins from liver cells and drain into hepatic ducts |
|
|
Term
| Hepatic ducts emptin into ____ which leads into the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the duodenum is empty, the ____ closes and blie backs up into ____ via ___ for storage |
|
Definition
-sphincter of Oddi -gall bladder -cystic duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Bile production -Detoxification of Blood -Metabolic regulation -production of plasma proteins |
|
|
Term
| Bilirubin is not soluble so it is transported to liver from spleen by ____.Bound bilirubin can not be filtered by___ or excreted into___. Bilirubin is the breakdown product of ____. |
|
Definition
-albumins -kidney -bile -heme groups minus iron |
|
|
Term
| The liver conjugates bilirubin with ___ and excretes this into bile |
|
Definition
| glucuronic acid (water soluble) |
|
|
Term
| In the intestine, bacteria converts bilirubin to ____. this gives feces dark ___ gives urine _____. |
|
Definition
-urobilinogen -color -yellow color |
|
|
Term
| Gall stones occur when ___ in bile ___ out of solution and _____ |
|
Definition
-cholesterol -precipitates -crystalizes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| converts glucose frpm food to glycogen for storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form triglycerides for storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -production of glucose from stored glycogen |
|
|
Term
| The _____ secrete insulin and _____. These are apart of the ___ of the pancreas |
|
Definition
-islets of Langerhans -glucagon -endocrine gland |
|
|
Term
| ___ cells secrete inactive digestive enzymes. ducts neutralize acid chyme by secreteing HCO3-. This is apart of the _____ of the pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trypsin is the active form of ____. This is done via catalysis of brush border enzymes.Tyepsin then activates inactive enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excessive acid in duodenum occurs through |
|
Definition
-little bicarbonate secretion by exocrine gland duct cells. -lots of acid from stress or food via parasympathetic stimulation of stomach |
|
|
Term
| Streching increases contractions by ___ _____ |
|
Definition
-increaseing rate of deploarization of pacemaker cells -strech receptors feedback via autonmic NS |
|
|
Term
| Protein fragments in stomach trigger ___ cells to secrete ____, ___ cells to secrete ____, and ____ cells to secrete ____. |
|
Definition
-G -gastrin -parietal -HCl -chief -pepsinogen |
|
|
Term
| Negative feedback of gastric phase |
|
Definition
| - gastrin inhibited by low pH, proteins buffer acid, so HCl secreted with changing pH and inhibiting gastrin |
|
|
Term
| _______ secreted by duodenum, acts on stomach to inhibit emptying and secretion. |
|
Definition
| gastric inhibititory peptide (GIP) |
|
|
Term
| nueral reflex and GIP stimulated by: |
|
Definition
1. increase in osm of duodenal contents 2. streching of duodenum 3. presence of fats in duodenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hormone from duodenum -in response to low pH ( chyme intering stomach) -stimulates onacreatuc dyct cekks ti secrete bucarbonate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hormone from duodenum secreted in sreponse to fat content of chyme -stimulates production of pancreatic enzymes by acinar cells |
|
|
Term
| Bile production increases following meal due to ___, ___, and ____ |
|
Definition
-secretin -CCK -nervous input from stretched duodenum causing gall bladder to contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -formation of large complex compounds from smaller organix materials requires energy from ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-breakdown of large compounds into smaller ones -liberates energy |
|
|
Term
| In the islets of langerhans, alpha cells produce ___, beta cells produce ___ and delta cells produce ____. |
|
Definition
-glucagon -insulin - somatostatin |
|
|
Term
| Glucagon promotes ____ breakdown |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when low glucose levels, the ____ secrete ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rise of blood amino acid causes |
|
Definition
| a beta and alpha cell stimulate and they secrete insulin and glucagon |
|
|
Term
| elevated glucagon triggers _____ of ____ and blood glucose is maintained. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin secretion is stimulated by ____ input to ___ |
|
Definition
-parasympathetic -beta cells |
|
|
Term
| hormonal GIP is controled by beta to secrete insulin. Insulin rises in anticipation of elevated glocse in blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| too high blood glucose and ___. too low and ____ |
|
Definition
-you can damage cells -insufficient fuel for brain metabolism |
|
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Term
| During gluconeogensis, glucagon stimlates liver to produce enzymes that convert amino acids to ___ and then ____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
fatty acids ketone bodies (ketogensis) |
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Term
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Definition
- epinephrine -glucorticoids from cortex |
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Term
glucocorticoids stimluated via ____ in response to stress -stimulates liver to make enzymes needed for ____ |
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Definition
ACTH from anterior ptiuitary -gluconeogensis |
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Term
| Somatotrophin occurs ____ and ___. like insulin and glucagon. promtoes protein synthesis and breakdown for fats from adipose tissue |
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Definition
after a protein meal -or a fast |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulated by somatotrophin, these in turn stimulate chondrocytres to lay down cartilage in growth zones of bone |
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