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Anatomy Test 1
Introduction - Integumentary System
266
Anthropology
Undergraduate 3
01/26/2012

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Term
Define Anatomy
Definition
a greek word that means "to dissect". it is the study of parts of organisms and their relationship to each other.
Term
Define Physiology
Definition
function of body parts and how it works
Term
what are the levels of structural organization?
Definition
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, & organismic
Term
what is the lowest level of structural organization?
Definition
chemical level
Term
describe the chemical level
Definition
contains all of the chemical substances needed to maintain human life. the chemicals are put together for form cellular level.
Term
describe the cellular level and provide examples.
Definition
basic structural and functional units of life.
examples: red blood cells, muscle cell, and skin and nerve cell
Term
describe the tissue level & what are the 4 tissue types?
Definition
made up of SIMILAR SPECIALIZED CELLS and their intercellular substance [IC] that perform a common function. four tissue types are: epithelium, CT (bone&blood), nervous, & muscle
Term
describe the organ level and name some examples
Definition
composed of TWO OR MORE different tissues. they have definite form and function. ex: stomach (churns up food [muscle tissue], release enzymes/digest food (epithelium) & protection [ct]
Term
describe the system level. examples?
Definition
the association of organs that have a common function. it describes the system. ex: skeletal system and the nervous;gastro-intestinal system.
Term
describe the organismic level.
Definition
HIGHEST LEVEL. all parts of the body are functioning together.
Term
illustrate the anatomical characteristics of a body
Definition
**tube within a tube drawing
Term
what kind of support column do humans have?
Definition
a bony support column [vertebral column]
Term
what is anatomical position?
Definition
facing foward, front view. standing straight up/erect hands on the side. facing the observer with palms up and forward [supination].
Term
humans also possess a bilateral symmetry. what is bilateral symmetry?
Definition
right & left sides are mirror images of each other
Term
define ipsilateral
Definition
same side. if you train the right leg, the left leg would also gain some strength.
Term
define contralateral
Definition
opposite/against. if the right side of the brain is damaged, then the left side is affected.
Term
PLANES/SECTIONS: what is a plane?
Definition
it is an imaginary flat surface that passes through the body.
Term
sagittal plane & midsagittal
Definition
divides the body into right and left sides.
midsagittal divides the body smack dab down the middle.
Term
frontal and coronal plane
Definition
divides into anterior and posterior, down the middle of the head.
Term
transverse plane
Definition
divides into superior and inferior regions, similar to a cross-section
Term
what are the two types of body cavities?
Definition
anterior [ventrical] and posterior[dorsal]
Term
what cavities make up the anterior cavity?
Definition
thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, orbital, nasal, and buccal.
Term
define the thoracic cavity
Definition
example: the chest. it has boundaries that are bounded by bony structures.
Term
superior boundary (superior thoracic aperture)
Definition
bounded ANTERIORLY by a menubrium of the sternum.
Term
what are the 3 basic parts of the sternum?
Definition
menubrium [forms the anterior boundary], body, and zyphoid process.
Term
what bony structures form the superior boundary?
Definition
posterior, anterior, and lateral
Term
posterior of the superior boundary
Definition
T1 [first thoracic vertebrae]
Term
anterior
Definition
Term
lateral
Definition
first rib which attaches to the T1 and the menubrium on the lateral side.
Term
Inferior boundary
Definition
inferior thoracic aperture
Term
what are the bony structures in the inferior boundary?
Definition
posterior, anterior, and lateral
Term
posterior of the inferior boundary
Definition
T12 [last thoracic vertebrae]
Term
anterior
Definition
7th-11th costal cartileges [costal means ribs]
Term
lateral
Definition
12 ribs because attached to T12
Term
what does aperture mean?
Definition
an opening
Term
what muscle is important for breathing?
Definition
the diaphragm [which is the floor of the thoracic cavity]
Term
what structures run through the diaphragm?
Definition
esophagus, aorta [major artery of circulation], and the inferior IVC to get blood back
Term
the thoracic cavity is further divided into
Definition
right and left parts. lungs are at the right.
Term
define mediastinum
Definition
middle of the thoracic cavity. contains everything except for the lungs [heart, pericardium sac, aorta, superior SVC, esophagus, and pulmonary arteries]
Term
the lungs are surrounded by a membrane called
Definition
PLEURA
Term
define pleura
Definition
an epithelium. continuous sheet of tissue that lines the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs.
Term
define parietal pleura
Definition
lines the cavity walls
Term
what does parietal mean??
Definition
body wall
Term
pulmonary [visceral] pleura
Definition
covers the lungs because involved in breathing. pulmonary function.
Term
what does visceral mean?
Definition
fancy word for organs.
Term
pleural cavity
Definition
located between the parietal and visceral pleura and it is filled with fluid. it is good to have fluid for protection and friction.
Term
diagram the right side of the thoracic cavity!
Definition
:P
Term
define pleuritis
Definition
an inflammation of the pleura
Term
ABDOMINAL CAVITY. examples?
Definition
contains a lot of abdominal viscera. it is the second large anterior cavity. NO PLEURA. ex: liver, gall bladder, pancreas, large/small intestine, aorta, and kidnets
Term
peritoneum
Definition
an arrangement. a continuous sheet that lines the cavity and covers the organs.
Term
diagram a transverse section of the abdominal viscera
Definition
:P
Term
what are the two types of peritoneum?
Definition
parietal and visceral
Term
what is the parietal peritoneum?
Definition
parietal layer that lines the cavity
Term
describe the visceral peritoneum
Definition
Term
what is the peritoneal cavity?
Definition
it is the space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum and it is filled with fluid.
Term
mesentery. examples.
Definition
its job is to protect. it is a double layer of peritoneum. ex: mesoappendix which supports the appendix. it can be named for the structure that it supports.
Term
most of the organs in the abdominal cavity are suspended by the...
Definition
mesentery
Term
retroperitonal viscera. examples?
Definition
organs behind the peritoneum. ex: kidneys
Term
peritonitis
Definition
inflammation in peritoneum
Term
PELVIC CAVITY. what are the structures within the pelvic cavity?
Definition
reproductive structures, bladder, and a sigmoid colon (lower portion of the large intestine), and rectum.
Term
does the peritoneum continue into the pelvic cavity?
Definition
yes
Term
most of the viscera in the abdominal-pelvic cavity are suspended or held in place by...
Definition
mesentary
Term
THE mesentary is referred to the
Definition
HUGE small intestine. it attaches the small intestine to the POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL.
Term
what other bodily organs does the mesentary serve as protection for?
Definition
arteries, veins, and nerves.
Term
the three smaller anterior cavities [orbital, nasal, and buccal] are located in
Definition
the skull
Term
orbital cavity
Definition
contains the eyes
Term
nasal cavity
Definition
a periform aperture. it has a nasal septum, which divides the cavity into nasal halves. AND the inferior nasal concha are the bones by themselves.
Term
buccal cavity
Definition
basically the oral cavity, and the structures that make up the buccal cavity are the tongue, teeth, and the salivary glands.
Term
POSTERIOR CAVITIES/DORSAL. it contains which two types of cavities?
Definition
cranial and vertebral.
Term
cranial cavity
Definition
brain
Term
vertebral cavity
Definition
spinal chord
Term
the two cavities are connected at the base of the skull at the
Definition
foramen magnum
Term
the human body is a collection of some 70-80 trillion individual cells. most of these cells exist in an "internal sea" of ____
Definition
extracellular fluid [ECF] "outside the cells"
Term
the ECF is divided into 2 components. what are they?
Definition
interstitial fluid and the circulating blood plasma.
Term
what does the interstitial fluid do?
Definition
bathes the cells
Term
describe the circulating blood plasma
Definition
it is whole blood minus the cells. it is just water.
Term
the fluid within the cell is called the ____
Definition
intracellular fluid [ICF].
Term
provide the % or size of the fluid compartments for the ECF, ICF, interstitial fluid, and the blood plasma
Definition
ECF - 20% ; ICF - ~40% ; interstitial - 15% ; blood plasma - 5%
Term
the actual environment of the cells of the body is the ___ of the ECF
Definition
interstitial component
Term
for cells to function properly, this environment must be kept within certain physiological limits.
Definition
homeostasis
Term
homeostasis is
Definition
the maintenance of a constant environment within certain physiological limits for normal cell function.
Term
homeostatis mechanisms are regulated by which two systems? working together or independently.
Definition
nervous and endocrine system
Term
describe the nervous system
Definition
it is FAST ACTING. it regulates homeostasis via nerve impulses. it detects deviation from a set point, and it sends impulses to the proper organs to counteract the stress.
Term
describe the endocrine system
Definition
it is SLOW ACTING. hormones have to diffuse into the ECF into the blood
Term
many of these regulatory mechanisms operate on the principle of
Definition
negative feedback
Term
define the negative feedback circuit
Definition
deviations from a normal set point are detected by a sensor. signals from sensors continue to change till the set point is set again.
Term
define the positive feedback circuit
Definition
exponential increase or decrease in a set point.
Term
all feedback mechanisms have 3 components. what are they?
Definition
receptors, control center, and effector
Term
receptor
Definition
it recognizes change
Term
control center
Definition
analyzes info and determines appropriate response
Term
effector
Definition
structures that initiate change [glands, organs, and muscles]
Term
humans are composed of ~ ___ tissues which are classified into 4 basic types.
Definition
25
Term
what are the 4 basic types of tissue?
Definition
epithelium, CT, muscular, and nervous
Term
epithelium tissue
Definition
covers the surface of the body [skin] and lines the body cavities and ducts [pleura & peritoneum] to form glands.
Term
CT
Definition
protects and supports the body and its organs. it binds organs together and stores energy as fat.
Term
muscular tissue
Definition
responsible for movement
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
initiates and transmits electrical impulses to coordinate body activity
Term
all tissues are composed of [2]
Definition
cells & intercellular substance [IC substance] that lies between the cells
Term
what makes tissues and their functions different from other tissues?
Definition
the types of cells and the intercellular substances
Term
after 8 days following fertilization, the mass of cells that results from several cell divisions embeds in the lining of the uterus and begin to form what 3 primary germ layers?
Definition
ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm [they are embryonic tissues from which all tissues and organs of the body develop]
Term
epithelial tissue develops from ...
Definition
all 3 germ layers
Term
CT and muscle tissue develop from
Definition
mesoderm
Term
nervous tissue develops from
Definition
ectoderm
Term
epithelial tissue can be divided into how many types? and what are they?
Definition
2! covering&lining epithelium and glandular epithelium
Term
what are the functions of the covering and lining epithelium [membranous epithelium]? [3]
Definition
1) to form an outer layer of skin (epidermis) 2) forms inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, and body cavities 3) forms membranes that line cavities that open to the body exterior
Term
what is the function of the glandular epithelium?
Definition
makes up the secreting portion of the endocrine glands [ductless] and exocrine glands [duct]
Term
the general features of all epithelium includes...
Definition
glandular and the covering/lining epithelium
Term
the epithelium consists primarily of ____ with little intercellular substance between adjacent cells
Definition
closely packed cells
Term
define stratified
Definition
multiple layers
Term
epithelial cells are arranged in what? example.
Definition
sheets or a single layer. ex: epidermis [multiple layers] b/c of alot of wear&tear. ex: capillary [single layer] and job is the diffusion of cells; absorption; secretion.
Term
epithelial cells have an ____
Definition
apical [free surface] and by free surface, it means that it is exposed to the body cavity, lining the internal organ or exterior of the body.
Term
is epithelium vascular or avascular?
Definition
avascular b/c it doesn't have its own blood supply and it relies on connective tissue.
Term
diagram how epithelial cells line the lumen
Definition
Term
epithelium adheres firmly to nearby ____ to help hold it in place and protect it from being torn
Definition
CT b/c that's where it gets its blood supply.
Term
the attachment between the epithelium and CT is a thin EXTRACELLULAR LAYER called the
Definition
basement membrane [it has two layers]
Term
what are the 2 layers of the basal membrane?
Definition
basal lamina and reticular lamina
Term
describe the basal lamina. example!
Definition
adheres the epithelium to the CT. ex: skin [epidermis and dermis] epidermis is the epithelium and the dermis is the CT.
Term
describe the reticular lamina
Definition
it has a net like appearance and their fibers are arranged.
Term
what provides for the cell attachment and the physical support for the epithelium.
Definition
the basement membrane
Term
epithelium has a ____ supply
Definition
NERVE. like heat, temperature, pressure, and pain.
Term
epithelium is subject to wea and tear, so it has a high capacity for ____ & ____
Definition
renewal and cell division. ~6-8 weeks we get new skin because it is subject to wear and tear, making it vulnerable to cell division/renewal so it can divide.
Term
epithelium is arranged in different ways relative to its ___ & ____
Definition
location and function.
Term
epithelium can be classified as either....
Definition
simple or stratified.
Term
describe simple epithelium
Definition
a single layer of epithelial cells where you can find little wear and tear. it is located where functions like diffusion, absorption, filtration, and secretion are important
Term
what are the two types of SIMPLE epithelium?
Definition
endothelium and mesothelium
Term
describe the endothelium
Definition
it lines the walls of blood and lymph vessels. it lines the walls of the heart, and it forms capillaries [little endothelial tubes]
Term
describe the mesothelium. example?
Definition
it lines the thoracic abdominal, pelvic cavities and covers the viscera within them. MESO-layer in the middle. ex: pleura
Term
serous membranes are on the inside or outside of the body?
Definition
inside
Term
mucous membranes are exposed to the ____ of the body/fluid
Definition
outside
Term
define stratified epithelium. examples!
Definition
they are cells that are stacked together; a lot of wear and tear. ex: epidermis, and the lining of the mouth.
Term
the covering and lining of the epithelium may also be characterized by [2]
Definition
cell shape and the # of layers
Term
what cells make up the epithelium? [4]
Definition
squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional cells
Term
describe squamous cells
Definition
they are flat. capillaries are made up of these.
Term
describe cuboidal cells
Definition
cube-shaped in a cross section. ex: kidney tubules, and they are common in their glands or ducts.
Term
describe columnar cells
Definition
tall, slender, rectangular. they line the cavities exposed to the exterior of the body. EX: mucous membranes and the uterine tube.
Term
describe mucous membranes [part of the columnar cells]
Definition
An epithelial tissue that secretes mucus and that lines many body cavities and tubular organs including the gut and respiratory passages. EXCEPTION: urinary. have mucous membranes without glob cells.
Term
describe transitional cells
Definition
readily change shape. found in the urinary system. they are perfect for stretching, extension, and extending.
Term
can classify covering and lining of epithelium by considering its __ & ___
Definition
shapes and layers
Term
the name of a specific stratified epithelium depends on the ___ of surface cells.
Definition
shape
Term
what is the function of the glandular epithelium?
Definition
secretion
Term
a gland may consist of how many cells or _____ that secrete substances into ducts, surfaces, or blood.
Definition
1 cell ; a group of specialized epithelial cells
Term
what are the two types of glands?
Definition
exocrine and endocrine
Term
describe exocrine glands. examples.
Definition
glands that secrete their products into ducts. ex: sweat, mucous, oil, wax and digestive enzymes.
Term
what is a duct?
Definition
it is a tube that empties into the surface, covering and lining the epithelium.
Term
describe endocrine glands
Definition
it no ducts/tubes. they secrete HORMONES and diffuse into the extracellular fluid and into the blood and travel to the target tissue. works w/ nervous system to maintain homeostasis.
Term
examples of endocrine glands
Definition
heart, pituitary gland, pancreas, thyroid gland
Term
what are the general functions of CT? [3]
Definition
protection/support, binds organs together, separates structures like the skeletal muscle.
Term
purpose of the fluid CT?
Definition
it is a transportation system [blood]
Term
purpose of the fat/adipose CT?
Definition
stores energy
Term
which tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body?
Definition
CT
Term
is CT vascular or avascular?
Definition
HIGHLY VASCULAR. ** exception is cartilege which is Avascular because the tendon/ligament has a poor blood supply.
Term
what determines the tissue qualities in the CT?
Definition
the IC substance in CT largely determines the tissue qualities. the cells of the CT produce the intercellular substance.
Term
IC substance of CT is made up of ___ embedded between the cells and a ___ or matrix
Definition
fiber ; ground substance
Term
what are the 3 types of fibers are embedded in the ground substance?
Definition
collagenous, elastic, and reticular
Term
what do fibers provide?
Definition
strength and support for tissue.
Term
describe collagenous
Definition
consists of collagen. white. very strong, somewhat flexible, tension, and not elastic.
Term
describe elastic fibers
Definition
stretchable. made of elastin. yellow. strong, elastic, and can stretch.
Term
describe reticular fibers
Definition
net-like. contains the same protein subunits as collagen but arranged differently. they surround themselves with a jelly-like substance.
Term
what two structures are within the reticular fibers?
Definition
stroma & parenchyma
Term
describe the stroma
Definition
it is the framework of an organ with a lot of reticular fibers.
Term
what is the parenchyma?
Definition
it is a functional tissue; a functional part of the organ. it is responsible for the functions of the spleen.
Term
function of the spleen
Definition
filters blood
Term
describe ground substance
Definition
it takes many forms = jelly-like, jello-like, hard or concrete like.
Term
what are immersed in the ground substance?
Definition
fibers
Term
Review: IC substance comes from the ___ of tissue cells?
Definition
CT.
Term
fibers and ground substance are formed by special (direct cellular activity) CT cells. what are they? [8]
Definition
fibroblast, fibrocyte, chondroblast, chondrocyte, osteoblast, osteocyte, macrophage, and mast cells
Term
describe fibroblast
Definition
forms the IC substance of loose, elastic, fatty, dense connective tissue
Term
describe fibrocyte
Definition
a mature fibroblast
Term
what does blast mean?
Definition
"forming cell"
Term
describe chondroblast
Definition
forms the IC substance of cartilage. it has a jello-like IC.
Term
describe chondrocyte
Definition
a mature chondroblast
Term
what does chondro mean?
Definition
cartilage
Term
describe osteoblast?
Definition
forms the IC substance of bone. IC substance is hard.
Term
describe osteocyte?
Definition
a mature osteoblast
Term
what does osteo mean?
Definition
"bone"
Term
describe an osteoclast?
Definition
it eats away old bone [osteoporosis]
Term
describe macrophage
Definition
it develops from white blood cells. it engulfs bacteria and cell debris. A large phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, esp. at sites of infection.
Term
describe mast cells
Definition
can find them in loose CT and near blood vessels. ex: bronchioles. also, they contain histomine which constricts the bronchioles. take antihistamy to reduce histomine. also releases heparine, a blood thinner and an anti-coagulant.
Term
cells in CT are derived from embryonic cells called ___
Definition
mesenchymal cells (undifferentiated mesenchyme).
Term
undifferentiated means
Definition
that it hasn't specialized
Term
undifferentiated mesenchyme can become any type of cell by
Definition
receiving a signal and differentiating it into any kind of cell (fibroblast, chondroblast...etc).
Term
undifferentiated mesenchyme are derived from..
Definition
mesoderm
Term
explain the differences between epithelium and CT
Definition
1) EP is characterized by cells & CT by IC substance except for fat. 2) EP rests on some sort of CT b/c its avascular. 3) EP relies on CT for blood supply.
Term
what are the types of CT?
Definition
loose CT (areolar) (superficial fascia - under the skin) (hypodermis - SUB-Q tissue), adipose tissue, dense CT, elastic, and cartilage
Term
describe loose (areolar) CT
Definition
the fibers are loosely packed/disorganized. its IC substance contains all 3 fiber types immersed in a jelly-like ground substance. strong/flexible b/c has all 3 fiber types.
Term
functions of the loose CT [2]
Definition
bed for skin ; packing material for body, protecting it from injury.
Term
describe adipose tissue/fatty areolar tissue
Definition
it has adipose cites - cells of adipose tissue. has a lot of loose CT that can take on and store fat. the ONLY CT that is characterized by its CELLS. not a lot of stuff in between cells, so they dominate the tissue
Term
what are the functions of fat? (4)
Definition
1) insulation 2) stores energy 3) protection 4) packing material for the body
Term
most of the loose CT is..
Definition
ADIPOSE TISSUE
Term
describe dense CT
Definition
characterized by CLOSER PACKING FIBERS found deeper in the body than in loose CT. the IC substance changes slightly. less cells & more IC substance that contains mostly collagen
Term
what are the 3 types of dense CT?
Definition
deep fascia, tendons, and ligaments
Term
describe the deep fascia
Definition
it surrounds/covers the muscles. [disorganized]. deeper within the body.
Term
describe tendons
Definition
connects muscle to bone
Term
describe ligaments
Definition
connects bone to bone
Term
what type of fibers are in the tendons and ligaments?
Definition
collagen fibers
Term
the collagen fibers in the tendons and ligaments run ____ to each other, making them adaptable to tension.
Definition
parallel (organized)
Term
fibers in the DEEP FASCIA are arranged in what fashion?
Definition
irregularly arranged (not organized)
Term
describe elastic CT
Definition
connective tissue consisting chiefly of elastic fibers found in the dermis of the skin and in the walls of veins and arteries and in some tendons and ligaments. stretchable.
Term
example of elastic CT [4]
Definition
blood vessel, vocal chords, bronchial tubes, trachea elastic fibers
Term
where are the fibroblasts/fibrocytes found?
Definition
within the ground substance of areolar, fatty, dense, and elastic tissue
Term
describe cartilage
Definition
it is the ONLY CT that is AVASCULAR. it is a supporting CT that bears weight. it contains many collagen fibers embedded in a firm matrix that is JELLO-LIKE
Term
the fibers and the ground substance are produced by
Definition
chondroblasts
Term
describe lacunae
Definition
it is the space within the cartilage matrix that houses a chondroblast (chondrocyte).
Term
what is the perichondrium?
Definition
it is a fibrous membrane that surrounds the cartilage. peri means "around"
Term
the perichondrium is composed of 2 layers, an outer and inner layer. describe them
Definition
it is made up of dense fibrous CT ; undifferentiated mesenchyme. it can become a variety of cells.
Term
cartilage is the precursor to..
Definition
bone
Term
cartilage grows in 2 ways. what are they?
Definition
appositional and interstitial growth
Term
describe appositional growth
Definition
it is growth at the surface.
Term
random note about cartilage: if we want the cartilage to grow, the mesenchymal cells are differentiating into chondroblasts.
Definition
Term
describe interstitial growth
Definition
growth in length. a growth from within.
Term
when does cartilage form? and what does it become saturated with? what is this process called?
Definition
between 4th-6th weeks. becomes saturated with Calcium salts. calcification (calcified & destroyed & replaced with bone).
Term
define calcification
Definition
is the process in which calcium salts build up in soft tissue, causing it to harden. Calcifications may be classified on whether there is mineral balance or not, and the location of the calcification.
Term
what are the types of cartilage? [3]
Definition
hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
Term
describe hyaline cartilage [articulate cartilage] and example
Definition
most abundant. a lot formed in the utero, but most are destroyed and replaced with bone. found at the ends of bonds where we have freely movable joints. used as friction. costal cartilages at the ventral end of the rib.
Term
what is bone on bone?
Definition
athritis
Term
describe elastic cartilage
Definition
is a type of cartilage present in the outer ear, larynx, and epiglottis. It contains elastic fiber networks and collagen fibers. The principal protein is elastin.
Term
describe fibrocartilage
Definition
it has a lot of collaen. its IC/ground substance is soupy/squishy and can withstand a lot of pressure. found in places where body absorbs shock and in between body vert.
Term
examples of fibrocartilages
Definition
miniscus of the knee. hip joint, shoulder joint, and between the pubic bones
Term
body membranes fall into two major groups according to the type of tissue that forms them. what are the two major groups of body membranes?
Definition
epithelial membranes ; CT membranes
Term
what are the three types of epithelial membranes?
Definition
cutaneous membranes, mucous membranes, and serous membranes.
Term
describe cutaneous membranes
Definition
outer layer of the skin [epidermis]. it is stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.
Term
describe mucous membranes
Definition
lines the cavities exposed to the exterior of the body. they are lined with mucous/goblet cells.
Term
what are goblet cells?
Definition
are glandular simple columnar epithelial cells whose sole function is to secrete mucin, which dissolves in water to form mucus.
Term
which is an exception to the mucous membrane?
Definition
the URINARY SYSTEM. it doesn't produce mucous but it is exposed to the exterior.
Term
is secreting mucous a requirement for mucous membranes?
Definition
nope. ex: urinary tract.
Term
functions of the mucous are...
Definition
helps prevent cavity from drying out, traps particles in respiratory passageways, stuff that you dont want to get down into your lungs, and it lubricates food as it moves through the GI tract.
Term
describe serous membranes [AKA mesothelium - simple epithelium]
Definition
occur in pairs - parietal [lines cavities] and visceral layer [covers organs]. interior of the body. serous fluid helps prevent friction.
Term
describe CT membranes
Definition
interior of the body. it has a SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.
Term
describe synovial membrane
Definition
lines the cavities of the freely moving joints, joint capsule, and tendon sheets. also bound in lining bersa sac - a CT sac lined with synovial membrane.
Term
draw an example of a CT membrane!
Definition
Term
define the integumentary system
Definition
it consists of the skin and its derivatives. the skin is the largest organ in the body. the derivatives are the stuff coming out of the skin. ex: hair, sweat, nerve endings, nails
Term
what are the functions of skin? (6)
Definition
protection/insulates deeper body organs, protects from mechanical, chemical, thermal & bacteria, regulates temp with a - feedback (sweat to dissipate heat), mini excretory system (when you sweat, you release H2O&salt), synthesizes vitamin D, and it has lots of cutaneous sense organs that allow us to detect touch, pressure, temperature, & pain communicating with the body.
Term
the skin is composed of what 2 kinds of tissue?
Definition
epidermis and dermis
Term
describe epidermis
Definition
made up of epithelium tissue [stratified squamous keratinized]. capable of keratinization.
Term
what is keratin?
Definition
as cells migrate from deeper layers to the surface, it gets water proofed along the way. they are fibrous structural proteins. structural material that makes up the outer layer of skin (structural component of hair and nails)
Term
describe dermis
Definition
made up of fibrous dense CT. its job is to anchor the epidermis. they are held together by a BASEMENT MEMBRANE. ex: blister. epidermis tearing away from basement membrane.
Term
subcutaneous tissue [SUBQ] tissue
Definition
beneath the dermis. another name is superficial fascia. it is a shock absorber, protects us from extreme temperature changes. NOT PART OF THE SKIN!
Term
what kind of tissue is the SUBQ tissue?
Definition
adipose tissue. it stores fat.
Term
what is underneath the SUBQ layer?
Definition
muscles and organs
Term
is the epidermis vascular or avascular?
Definition
avascular
Term
what is the composition of the epidermis?
Definition
stratified squamous keratinous epithelium
Term
what are the epidermal cells? [2]
Definition
keratinocytes and melanocytes
Term
describe keratinocytes
Definition
are majority of the epidermal cells are these
Term
describe melanocytes
Definition
they produce a brown/black pigment. MELANIN - a pigment that contributes to this skin color. it protects the keratinocytes/DNA in keratinocytes.
Term
describe tanning
Definition
melano has extensions to send melanin to keratinocytes to go around the nucleus to protect the DNA and after time, develop a time.
Term
what are the 5 layers of cells that form the epidermis? [deep to superficial]
Definition
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum [horny layer]
Term
describe stratum basale
Definition
"basal layer". the deepest layer. CUBOIDAL. contains stem cells that undergo cell division. melanocytes are present here too.
Term
why is the stratum basale also known as the stratum germinatium?
Definition
because it germinates new cells
Term
what happens to the stem cells in the stratum basale?
Definition
some will become keratinocytes and migrate to the surface or sweat gland and go to the dermis.
Term
describe stratum spinosum
Definition
8-10 layers of many sided cells that are packed close together. has various shapes.
Term
describe stratum granulosum
Definition
2-4 layers of flatten cells that are becoming more squamous shaped. keratinization occurs here. the black dots present = nucleus. the nuclei are dying, degeneration. cell dies when nucleus degenerates.
Term
describe stratum lucidum
Definition
it is translucent. only found in thick skin of our palms and the soles of our feet. it has 5 layers. the reason for a lot of layers is b/c it is susceptible to more wear&tear
Term
describe the stratum corneum [horny layer]
Definition
25-30 dead flat completely keratinized cells. it is the most superficial layer. has a lot of layers because constantly shuffling skkin off.
Term
keratinization is...
Definition
cells that are formed in the basal layer, accumulating keratin as pushed up and relocated to the surface.
Term
how many weeks does it take for a cell to be formed in the basal layer and shuffled off?
Definition
6-8 weeks
Term
what do repeated abrasions on the skin do?
Definition
accelerates the process and causes an abnormal thickening of the stratus corneum [callous]
Term
describe the dermis [review]
Definition
dense fibrous CT. irregular. strong/stretchy. it contains collagenous and elastic fibers.
Term
what are two types of cutaneous glands?
Definition
sebaceous (oil glands) and sudoriferous (sweat glands)
Term
describe sebaceous glands
Definition
white. found all over the skin, except in palms and soles of feet. produces sebum! HAS A DUCT, therefore it is exocrine gland. the ducts usually empty into hair follicle.
Term
describe sebum
Definition
oily mixture of fatty acids and proteins [oil]. helps keep skin soft. good to have oil in hair to hair from falling out BUT too greasy.
Term
when are sebaceous glands the most active?
Definition
active at puberty where the skin becomes more oily [blackheads]
Term
how are blackheads formed?
Definition
accumulation of dried sebum and bacteria in the gland and duct. it is black because it hits oxygen and it is oxidized. infection: zits
Term
describe sudoriferous glands
Definition
have epithelial openings called pores. widely distributed on the body.
Term
what are the two types of sudoriferous?
Definition
eccrine and apocrine
Term
describe eccrine
Definition
it is all over the body. they secrete water and salt. they enter the skin via pores and produce sweat.
Term
describe apocrine
Definition
it is deeper in the dermis. located in the arm pits [axila] and genital area. dont secrete water and salt, but secrete oily substance composed of fatty acids and proteins. ODORS if bacteria is present. deodorants block apocrine glands.
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