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Anatomy/Physiology of the Ear
N/A
94
Audiology
Undergraduate 3
10/03/2012

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Term
Audiology
Definition
Branch of healthcare devoted to the study, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hearing disorders
Term
Audiologist
Definition
Healthcare professional that provides services related to the prevention, evaluation, and rehabilitation of hearing impairment and its associated communication disorder
Term
Otolaryngologist
Definition
Physician specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat, including diseases of related structures of the head and neck
Term
Otologist
Definition
Physician specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of ear disease
Term
Anatomy
Definition
Description or study of normal structures of an organism
Term
Physiology
Definition
The study of the function of a structure of an organism
Term
Organ
Definition
structure that provides a specific function
Term
Functions of the ear
Definition
Provide the sense of hearing and balance
Term
The ear is located....
Definition
In the temporal bone
Term
Processiong of auditory information occurs in the....
Definition
Temporal lobe
Term
Peripheral auditory system includes:
Definition
Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear and VIII nerve (hearing mechanism)
Term
Central Auditory Nervous System includes:
Definition
Auditory nuclei and their pathways (processing mechanism)
Term
When we test hearing we are testing (which system)
Definition
Peripheral system
Term
Transducers
Definition
Energy converters
Term
Energy
Definition
Ability to do work
Term
Work
Definition
force through a distance
Term
Force
Definition
push or pull on an object
Term
Inertia
Definition
Property of an object to stay at rest or to move if acted on by a force
Term
Sound has to have 3 things:
Definition
Source, Medium, Receiver
Term
Sound
Definition
A vibration of air molecules
Term
The middle ear transduces acoustical energy into....
Definition
mechanical energy
Term
The inner ear cochlea transduces mechanical energy into.....
Definition
hydromechanical energy
Term
The hair cells of the cochlea transduce hydromechanical energy into...
Definition
chemical-electro energy
Term
What are the two types of fluid in the body?
Definition
Intra cellular and extra cellular
Term
Pinna
Definition
Skin covered elastic cartilage. Helps localize sound (especially high frequencies)
Term
External Auditory Meatus
Definition
About 1" long and S shaped for protection. Acts as a high pass filter(quarter wave length resonator)
Term
Outer 1/3 of EAM
Definition
cartilage, has glands that produce ceruminous (sweat) and sebacious (oil)-byproduct is cerumen (earwax)
Term
Inner 2/3 of EAM
Definition
bones
Term
Transformer
Definition
voltage regulator
Term
Middle ear overcomes....
Definition
Air to fluid impedance mismatch
Term
Middle Ear Cavity/Tympanum
Definition
six sided box that houses the ossicles and their ligaments, the tendons of the middle ear muscles and the eustachian tube
Term
Tympanic Membrane
Definition
-Normal appearance is translucent and pearly gray. Sits at a 55 degree angle.
Term
Right TM
Definition
Manubrium of malleus at 1:00 and cone of light at 5:00
Term
Left TM
Definition
Manubrium of malleus at 11:00 and cone of light at 7:00
Term
Malleus
Definition
composed of the manubrium and head
Term
Incus
Definition
composed of short process and long process
Term
Stapes
Definition
composed of the neck, crura and footplate
Term
Tensor Tympani
Definition
inserts on top of the manubrium of the malleus and is innervated by the V (trigeminal) nerve-pain and temperature-ME
Term
Stapedial
Definition
inserts on the neck of the stapes and is innervated by the VII (facial nerve)-ME
-Contracts to loud sounds
Term
Medium
Definition
Anything through which an action can take force-gas, liquid and solid
Term
Impedance
Definition
resistance to energy flow
Term
How much energy is lost when air meets fluid
Definition
30 dB
Term
Goal of ME transformer
Definition
Increase the pressure at the stapes footplate so that it moves in and out of the oval window with more force
Term
Areal Ratio
Definition
increase in pressure at the oval window that results from the TM and stapes footplate having different areas (TM is 17 times larger than footplate-P=F/A)
Term
Ossicular Lever Effect
Definition
Increase in pressure gained from the ossicular chain acting as a lever(manubrium is longer than the long process of the incus-more force is transferred to the long process of the incus)
Term
Minimum Audibility Curve
Definition
Represents the efficiency of the middle ear transformer for the different frequencies
Term
Intensity range of ear
Definition
0-130 dB SPL
Term
Reactants
Definition
have the ability to store energy in a mechanical system
Term
Mass reactants
Definition
store higher frequency energy and allow lower frequency energy to readily pass through the system.
-directly related to frequency
Term
Stiffness Reactants
Definition
sotre lower frequency energy and allow higher frequency energy to readily pass through
-indirectly related to frequency
Term
Eustachian tube
Definition
Runs from the floor of the ME cavity to the nasopharynx (back of throat)
-Functions to drain ME fluid and equalize atmospheric pressure with ME pressure
Term
Normal resting state of Eustachian tube and how to we equalize pressure
Definition
Closed
-open it
Term
Ways to open the Eustachian Tube
Definition
Swallow, realign jaw, yawn, pinch nose and blow, pinch nose and swallow, chew gum
Term
Levator Veli Palatini
Definition
innervate the Eustachian Tube-helps to position it
Term
Tensor Veli Palatini
Definition
innervate the Eustachian Tube-helps it to open and close
Term
5 Structures of the IE
Definition
Osseous Labyrinth, Vestibule, Membranous Labyrinth, Cochlea, Semi Circular Canals
Term
Semi Circular Canals
Definition
control the vestibular system (balance)
-fluid filled, lie perpendicular to each other
-when stimulated, fluid moves, causing stimulation of cells which causes VIII to fire
Term
Vestibule
Definition
Opening to the IE
-contains the oval and round windows
-contains perilymph
Term
Perilymph
Definition
-high concentration of sodium chloride (salt water)
Term
Round Window
Definition
Releases the pressure that gets built up
Term
Osseous Labyrinth
Definition
Spaces and canals within the temporal bone that house the IE structures
-contains perilymph
Term
Membranous Labyrinth
Definition
AKA scala media
-soft tissue that follows the shape of the osseous labyrinth and is enclosed within the osseous labyrinth
-contains endolymph
Term
Endolymph
Definition
Type of fluid with a high concentration of Potassium Chloride(fluid that makes you hear)
Term
Cochlea
Definition
Snail shaped structure with 2 and 3/4 turns
-tranduces mechanical energy into hydromechanical energy
-widest at the base and narrowest at the apex
Term
Modiolus
Definition
Central core of the cochlea
-VIII fibers and blood vessels run through it
Term
Scala Vestibuli
Definition
Top chamber, part of the osseous labyrinth, contains perilymph, contacts with ME at the oval window
Term
Scala Media
Definition
Middle chamber, composed of endolymph, contains the Organ of Corti
Term
Scala Tympani
Definition
Bottom chamber, part of the osseous labyrinth, contains perilymph, contacts with ME at the round window in the vestibule
Term
Basilar Membrane
Definition
32mm long, narrowest at the base and widest at the apex, organ of corti sits on top of it
Term
Organ of Corti
Definition
Sensory end organ of hearing
Term
Inner Hair Cells
Definition
transduce cochlear hydromechanical energy into chemical-electro energy-3500
Term
What shape are the cilia on the IHC?
Definition
U shaped-3 rows
Term
Outer Hair Cells
Definition
transduce cohclear hydromechanical energy into chemical electro energy-3 rows of 1200, thinner than the IHC
Term
What shape are the cilia on the OHC?
Definition
W shaped-3 rows
Term
Rods of Corti/Pillar Cells
Definition
Seperate the IHCs from the OHCs, form the tunnel of corti
Term
Tectorial Membrane
Definition
Gel like structure that courses over the top of the hair cells
Term
Cochlear Physiology
Definition
Hair cell stimulation results in the VIII firing. Basilar membrane mechanics/movement dictates which hair cells are stimulated
Term
The widening of the basilar membrane results in a....
Definition
Gradation in stiffness-each segment becomes less and less stiff
Term
Higher frequencies are coded in the...
Definition
Base of the cochlea
Term
Tonotopically
Definition
existence of a spatial representation of frequency
Term
Tip links
Definition
Connect the rows of cilia
Term
Shearing
Definition
two objects move in a parallel plane but don't touch each other
Term
OHC shear as a result of...
Definition
relative movement between the tectorial and basilar membrane when the basilar membrane displaces
Term
IHC shear as a result of...
Definition
drag imposed on the surrounding cochlear fluids that results from velocity/rate changes during basilar membrane displacement
Term
Innervation
Definition
To supply with nerves
Term
Neurons
Definition
Consists of a cell body, several dendrites and an axon, communicate through synapses
Term
Radial Neural Fibers
Definition
Innervate the inner hair cells
Term
Outer Spiral
Definition
Innervate outer hair cells
Term
How many neural fibers innervate one IHC?
Definition
8
Term
How many OHC's share one neural fiber?
Definition
6
Term
Type 1/Radial Neurons are responsible for...
Definition
generating the VII AP and subsequent CANS transmission processing of auditory information-most of our encoding abilities are done by the IHCs
Term
Dynamic range of IHCs
Definition
60-65dB and are responsible for generating the VIII action potential
Term
Electromotility
Definition
When the tip links pull/stretch the OHCs and physically change the length/shape
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