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Anatomy & Physiology
Vocab chapters 5-8
270
Medical
Undergraduate 1
08/18/2009

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
arrector pili
Definition
muscle associated with hair follicles
Term
ceruminous gland
Definition
a gland in the ear canal that produces cerumen or ear wax
Term
dermis
Definition
inner layer of the skin that contains the blood vessels, nerves, gland & hair follicles; also called stratum corium
Term
epidermis
Definition
outermost layer of the skin
Term
keratinization
Definition
process by which the cells of the epidermis become filled with keratin & move to the surface where they are sloughed off
Term
melanin
Definition
a dark brown or black pigment found in parts of the body, especially skin & hair
Term
sebaceous gland
Definition
an oil gland of the skin that produces sebum or body oil
Term
subcutaneous layer
Definition
below the skin; a sheet of areolar connective tissue & adipose tissue beneath the dermis of the skin; also called hypodermis or superficial fascia
Term
sudoriferous gland
Definition
a gland in the skin that produces perspiration; also called sweat gland
Term
white
Definition
albin-
Term
wax
Definition
cer-
Term
killing
Definition
-cidal
Term
cold
Definition
cry-
Term
skin
Definition
cutane-
Term
blue
Definition
cyan-
Term
skin
Definition
derm-
Term
surgical excision
Definition
-ectomy
Term
redness
Definition
erythem-
Term
sweat
Definition
hidr-
Term
scaly, dry
Definition
ichthy-
Term
hard, horny tissue
Definition
kerat-
Term
clear, light
Definition
-lucid-
Term
black
Definition
melan-
Term
middle
Definition
mes-
Term
fungus
Definition
myc-
Term
death
Definition
necr-
Term
nail
Definition
onych-
Term
thick
Definition
pachy-
Term
louse, lice
Definition
pedicul-
Term
hair
Definition
pil-
Term
surgical repair
Definition
-plasty
Term
wrinkles
Definition
rhytid-
Term
oil
Definition
seb-
Term
sweat
Definition
sud-
Term
hair
Definition
trich-
Term
nail
Definition
ungu-
Term
dry
Definition
xer-
Term
alopecia
Definition
absense of hair from skin areas where it normally grows; baldness; may be hereditary or due to disease, injury, or chemotherapy or may occur as part of aging
Term
basal cell carcinoma
Definition
malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis; most common form of skin cancer & usually grows slowly
Term
cellulitis
Definition
infection of connective tissue with severe inflammation of the dermis & subcutaneous layers of the skin
Term
dermatitis
Definition
inflammation of the skin
Term
eczema
Definition
an inflammatory skin disease with red, itching, vascular lesions that may crust over; common allergic reaction; but may occur without any obvious cause
Term
eschar
Definition
a slough produced by a burn or gangrene
Term
impetigo
Definition
superficial skin infection caused by staphylococcal or streptococcal bacteria & characterized by vesicles, pustules, crusted-over lesions; most common in children
Term
malignant melanoma
Definition
cancerous growth composed of melanocytes, often arises in preexising mole; an alarming increase in the prevalence of malignant melanoma is attributed to excessive to sunlight
Term

nevus

 

plural:  nevi

Definition
an elevated, pigmented lesion on the skin; commonly called a mole; a dysplastic ___ is a mole that does not form properly & may progress to a type of skin cancer
Term
pruritus
Definition
severe ithcing; one of the most common problems in dermatology; arises as a result of stimulation of nerves in the skin by enzymes released in allergic reactions or by other irritating substances
Term
urticaria
Definition
allergic transiet skin eruptions characterized by elevated legions, called wheals & often accompanied by severe itching and burning called hives
Term
wart
Definition

epidermal growth on the skin caused by a virus; plantar ___ occur on the soles of the feet,

juvenile ___ occur on the hands and face of children, & venereal ___ occur in the genital area

Term
xeroderma pigmentosum
Definition
a pigmentary & atrophic inherited disease of the skin & eyes that is characterized by vascular lesions, excessive freckling, keratinous growths, carcinoma, photophobia, ocular opacities, & tumors; involves defect in the enzymes active in the repair of DNA damaged by ultraviolet light
Term
adverse drug reaction
Definition
ADR
Term
admission, discharge, transfer
Definition
ADT
Term
biologic false positive
Definition
BFP
Term
biopsy
Definition
bx
Term
eczema, asthma, and hay fever
Definition
EAHF
Term
herpes simplex virus
Definition
HSV
Term
incision & drainage
Definition
I&D
Term
mother & father
Definition
M&F
Term
subcutaneous
Definition
subQ
Term
squamous cell carcinoma
Definition
SCC
Term
skin graft
Definition
SG
Term
ointment
Definition
ung
Term
ultraviolet
Definition
UV
Term

amphiarthrosis

 

plural:  amphiarthroses

Definition
a slightly movable joint
Term
diaphysis
Definition
the long straight shaft of a long bone
Term

diarthrosis

 

plural:  diarthroses

Definition
freely movable joint characterized by a joint cavity; also called synovial joint
Term
endochondral ossification
Definition
method of bone formation in which cartilage is replaced by bone
Term
epiphysis
Definition
the end of a long bone
Term
epiphyseal plate
Definition
the cartilaginous plate between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a bone; responsible for the lengthwise growth of a long bone
Term
intramembranous ossification
Definition
method of bone formation in which the bone is formed directly in a membrane
Term
osteoblast
Definition
bone-forming cell
Term
osteoclast
Definition
cell that destroys or resorbs bone tissue
Term
osteocyte
Definition
mature bone cell
Term
osteon
Definition
structural unit of bone; haversian system
Term

synarthrosis

 

plural:  synarthroses

Definition
an immovable joint
Term
little cup
Definition
acetabul-
Term
stiff, crooked
Definition
ankyl-
Term
little attachment
Definition
appendicul-
Term
joint
Definition
artic-
Term
joint
Definition
arthr-
Term
to form, sprout
Definition
-blast
Term
pouch
Definition
burs-
Term
wrist
Definition
carp-
Term
to break
Definition
-clast
Term
break
Definition
corac-
Term
rib
Definition
cost-
Term
sieve
Definition
ethm-
Term
make
Definition
-fic-
Term
ilium
Definition
ili-
Term
hump
Definition
kyph-
Term
spinal cord, bone marrow
Definition
myel-
Term
tooth
Definition
odont-
Term
like, resembling
Definition
-oid
Term
bone
Definition
oste-, oss-
Term
making
Definition
-poie-
Term
sacrum
Definition
sacr-
Term
wedge
Definition
sphen-
Term
vertebrae
Definition
spondyl-
Term
together
Definition
syn-
Term
act or process of
Definition
-tion
Term
ankylosing spondylitis
Definition
inflammation of the spine that is characterized by stiffening of the spinal joints and ligaments so that movement becomes increasingly painful and difficult; also called rheumatoid spondylitis
Term
arthritis
Definition
inflammation of a joint
Term
bunion
Definition
abnormal swelling of the joint between the big toe and the first metatarsal bone, resulting from a buildup of soft tissues and bone caused by chronic irritation from ill-fitting shoes
Term
carpal tunnel syndrome
Definition
condition characterized by pain and burning sensations in the fingers and hand, caused by compression of the median nerve as it passes between a wrist ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist
Term
dislocation
Definition
displacement of a bone from its joint with tearing of ligaments, tendons, and articular capsule; also called luxation
Term
gout
Definition
a form of acute arthritis in which uric acid crystals develop within a joint and irritate the cartilage, causing acute inflammation, swelling, and pain; most commonly occurs in middle-aged and older men
Term
lyme disease
Definition
a bacterial disease transmitted to humans by deer ticks; characterized by joint stiffness, headache, fever and chills, nausea, and back pain; complications include severe arthritis and cardiac problems; early stages of the disease respond well to antibiotics
Term
osteoarthritis
Definition
a noninflammatory disease of the joints that is characterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage and changes in the synovial membrane; also called degenerative joint disease (DJD)
Term
osteomalacia
Definition
softening of bone because of inadequate amounts of calcium and phosphorus; bones ben easily and become deformed; in childhood this is called rickets
Term
osteomyelitis
Definition
inflammation of the bone marrow cause by bacteria
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
decrease in bone density and mass; commonly occurs in postmenopausal women as a result of increased osteoclast activity cause by diminished estrogen levels; bones fracture easily
Term
osteosarcoma
Definition
malignant tunor derived from bone; also called osteogenic sarcoma; osteoblasts multiply without control and form large tumors in bone
Term
rheumatoid arthritis
Definition
a chronic systemic disease with changes occurring in the connective tissues of the body, especially the joints; in contrast to osteoarthritis, the symptoms are usually more generalized and severe; evidence indicates it may be an autoimmune disease
Term
spina bifida
Definition
a developmental anomaly in which the vertebral laminae do not close around the spinal cord, leaving an opening through which the cord and meninges may or may not protrude
Term
sprain
Definition
twisting of a joint with pain, swelling, and injury to ligaments, tendond, muscles, blood vessels, and nerves; most often occurs in the ankle; more serious than a strain, which is the overstretching of the muscles associated with a joint
Term
talipes
Definition
congenital deformity of the foot in which the patient cannot stand with the sold of the foot flat on the ground; clubfoot
Term
cervical vertebrae
Definition
C1, C2, etc.
Term
carpal tunnel syndrome
Definition
CTS
Term
distal interphalangeal joint
Definition
DIPJ
Term
degenerative joint disease
Definition
DJD
Term
fracture
Definition
fx
Term
joint
Definition
jt
Term
knee jerk
Definition
kj
Term
ligament
Definition
lig
Term
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Definition
NSAID
Term
osteoarthritis
Definition
OA
Term
rheumatoid arthritis
Definition
RA
Term
range of motion
Definition
ROM
Term
sacroiliac
Definition
SI
Term
symptoms
Definition
Sx
Term
throacic vertebrae
Definition
T1, T2, etc
Term
traction, treatment
Definition
Tx
Term
actin
Definition
contractile protein in the thin filaments of skeletal muscle cells
Term
all-or-none principle
Definition
a property of skeletal muscle fiber contraction; when a muscle fiber receives a sufficient stimulus to contract, all sarcomeres shorten; with insufficient stimulus, none of the sarcomeres contract
Term
antagonist
Definition
a muscle that has an action opposite to the prime mover
Term
insertion
Definition
the end of a muscle that is attached to a relatively movable part; the end opposite the origin
Term
motor unit
Definition
a single neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates
Term
myosin
Definition
contractile protein in the thick filaments of skeletal muscle cells
Term
neuromuscular junction
Definition
the area of communication between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber; also called a myoneural junction
Term
origin
Definition
the end of a muscle that is attached to a relatively immovable part; the end opposte the insertion
Term
prime mover
Definition
the muscle that is mainly responsible for a particular body movement; also called agonist
Term
sacromere
Definition
a functional contractile unit in a skeletal muscle fiber
Term
synergist
Definition
a muscle that assists a prime mover but is not capable of producing the movement by itself
Term
without, lacking
Definition
a-
Term
motion
Definition
act-
Term
two
Definition
bi-
Term
head
Definition
cep-
Term
triangle
Definition
delt-
Term
to bind
Definition
-desis
Term
through
Definition
dia-
Term
movement
Definition
duct-
Term
fascia
Definition
fasci-
Term
bend
Definition
flex-
Term
neutral substance
Definition
-in
Term
same, alike
Definition
iso-
Term
movement
Definition
kinesi-
Term
peel, rind
Definition
lemm-
Term
chew
Definition
masset-
Term
measure
Definition
metr-
Term
muscle
Definition
myo-, mys-
Term
fence, partition
Definition
phragm-
Term
rupture
Definition
-rrhexis
Term
flesh, muscle
Definition
sarco-
Term
together
Definition
syn-
Term
synovial membrane
Definition
synov-
Term
stiff
Definition
tetan-
Term
tone, tension
Definition
ton-
Term
excitability
Definition
the ability to receive & respond to stimulus; to function properly, muscles have to respond to a stimulus from the nervous system
Term
contractility
Definition
the ability to shorten or contract; when a muscle responds to a stimulus, it shortens to produce movement
Term
extensibility
Definition
a muscle can be stretched or extended; skeletal muscles are often arranged in opposing pairs; when one muscle contracts the other muscle is relaxed and is stretched
Term
elasticity
Definition
the capacity to recoil or return to the original shape and length after contraction or extension
Term
four important functions that muscle contracts fulfills:
Definition

1.  movement       

2.  posture           

3.  joint stability   

4.  heat production

Term
cramp
Definition
painful involuntary muscle spasm; often caused by myositis but can be a symptom of any irritation for ion imbalance
Term
electromyography
Definition
the process of recording the strength of a muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation
Term
muscle biopsy
Definition
removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination
Term
muscular dystrophy
Definition
an inherited, chronic, progressive wasting and weakening of muscles without involvement of the nervous system
Term
myasthenia gravis
Definition
an autoimmune disease, more common in females, that is characterized by weakness of skeletal muscles caused by an abnormality at the neuromuscular junction
Term
myoparesis
Definition
weakness or slight paralysis of a muscle
Term
myopathy
Definition
muscle disease
Term
myorrhexis
Definition
rupture of a muscle
Term
myositis
Definition
inflammation of muscle tissue
Term
repetitive stress disorder
Definition
condition with symptoms caused by repetitive motions that involve muscles, tendoms, nerves, and joints; most commonly occur as work-related or sports injuries
Term
shin splint
Definition
strain of the long flexor muscle of the toes resulting in pain along the tibia (shinbone); usually caused by repeated stress to the lower leg
Term
tenomyoplasty
Definition
surgical repair of a tendon and muscle; applied especially to an operation for inguinal hernia
Term
tenoplasty
Definition
surgical repair of a tendon
Term
tenorraphy
Definition
suture of a tendon
Term
tic
Definition
a spasmodic involuntary twitching of a muscle that is normally under voluntary control
Term
anterior cruciate ligament
Definition
ACL
Term
as desired
Definition
ad lib
Term
amount
Definition
amt
Term
backache
Definition
B/A
Term
deep tendon reflex
Definition
DTR
Term
knee disarticulation
Definition
KD
Term
lower back pain
Definition
LBP
Term
length of stay
Definition
LOS
Term
myasthenia gravis
Definition
MG
Term
multiple sclerosis
Definition
MS
Term
not yet diagnosed
Definition
NYD
Term
progressive muscular atrophy
Definition
PMA
Term
progressive restrictive exercise
Definition
PRE
Term
patellar tendon bearing
Definition
PTB
Term
repetitive stress injury
Definition
RSI
Term
active potential
Definition
a nerve impulse; a rapid change in membrane potential that involves depolarization and repolarization
Term
brain stem
Definition
the portion of the brain, between the diencephalon and spinal cord, that contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Term
cerebellum
Definition
second largest part of the human brain, located posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata, and involved in the coordination of muscular movements
Term
cerebrum
Definition
the largest and uppermost part of the human brain; concerned with consciousness, learning, memory, sensations, and voluntary movements
Term
diencephalon
Definition
part of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain; includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
Term
myelin
Definition
white, fatty substances that surrounds many nerve fibers
Term
neurilemma
Definition
the layer of Schwann cells that surrounds a nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system and, in some cases, produces myelin; also called Schwann's sheath
Term
saltatory conduction
Definition
process in which a nerve impulse travels along a myelinated nerve fiber by jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next
Term
synapse
Definition
the region of communication between two neurons
Term
threshold stimulus
Definition
minimum level of stimulation that is required to start a nerve impulse or muscle contraction; also called liminal stimulus
Term
toward
Definition
af-
Term
relationship to pain
Definition
algesi-
Term
star
Definition
astro-
Term
against, opposite
Definition
contra-
Term
tree
Definition
dendr-
Term
away from
Definition
ef-
Term
within the head, brain
Definition
encephal-
Term
feeling
Definition
esthes-
Term
to carry
Definition
-fer-
Term
knot
Definition
gangli-
Term
glue
Definition
gli-
Term
tongue
Definition
gloss-
Term
individual
Definition
idio-
Term
peel, rind
Definition
lemm-
Term
seizure
Definition
-lepsy
Term
obsessive preoccupation
Definition
-mania
Term
membrane
Definition
mening-
Term
numbness, stupor, sleep
Definition
narc-
Term
nerve
Definition
neur-
Term
all around
Definition
peri-
Term
throat
Definition
pharyng-
Term
speech
Definition
phas-
Term
paralysis
Definition
pleg-
Term
interweave, network
Definition
plex-
Term
division, split
Definition
schiz-
Term
sleep
Definition
somn-
Term
furrow, ditch
Definition
sulc-
Term
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Definition
a neurological disease caused by generation of motor neurons of the spinal cord, medulla, and cortex; marked by progressive muscular weakness and atrophy with spasticity and exaggerated reflexes; mental capabilities are not impaired; also called Lou Gehrig disease or motor neuron disease
Term
Bell's palsy
Definition
neuropathy of the seventh cranial nerve (facial) that causes paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face with sagging of the mouth on the affected side of the face
Term
cerebral concussion
Definition
loss of consciousness as the result of a blow to the head; usually clears within 24 hours; no evidence of permanent structural damage to the brain tissue
Term
cerebral contusion
Definition
bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurological problems persist longer than 24 hours
Term
cerebral palsy
Definition
partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by damage to the cerebrum during fetal life, birth, or infancy
Term
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Definition
most common brain disorder; may be due to diseased blood supply to the brain or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain; commonly called a stroke
Term
computed tomography (CT)
Definition
diagnostic procedure in which x-ray images are used to compose a computerized sectional picture of the brain
Term
electroencephalography (EEG)
Definition
recording of the electrical activity of the brain to demonstrate seizures, brain tumors, and other diseases and injury to the brain
Term
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Definition
use of magnetic waves to create a sectional image of the brain; considered to be more sensitive than a computed tomography in diagnosing certain brain lesions
Term
multiple sclerosis (MS)
Definition
a disorder in which there is progressive destruction of the myelin sheaths of central nervous system neurons, interfering with their ability to transmit impulses; characterized by progressive loss of function interspersed with periods of remission; cause is unknown and there is no satisfactory treatment
Term
positron emission tomography (PET)
Definition
a procedure that uses a radioactive isotope, combine with a form of glucose and injected intravenously, to obtain sectional images that show how the brain uses glucose and that give information about brain functions
Term
Reye's syndrome (RS)
Definition
brain dysfunction that occurs primarily in children and teenages and is characterized by edema of the brain that leads to disorientation, lethargy, and personality changes and may progress to a coma; seems to occur after chickenpox and influenza, and taking aspirin is a risk factor
Term
shingles
Definition
viral disease affecting peripheral nerves; characterized by blisters and pain spread over the skin in a bandlike pattern that follows the affected nerves; caused by the same herpesvirus that causes chickenpox
Term
tic douloureux
Definition
a painful disorder of the fifth cranial nerve (trigeminal) that is characterized by sudden, intense, sharp pain in the face and forehead on the affected side; also known as trigeminal neuralgia
Term
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Definition
an episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction cause by impaired blood flow to the brain; the onset is sudden, is of short duration, and leaves no long-lasting neurological impairment; common causes are blood clots and atherosclerosis
Term
attention deficit disorder
Definition
ADD
Term
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Definition
ADHD
Term
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Definition
ALS
Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition
ANS
Term
central nervous system
Definition
CNS
Term
cerebrospinal fluid
Definition
CSF
Term
cerebrospinal meningitis
Definition
CSM
Term
computed tomography
Definition
CT
Term
cerebrovascular accident
Definition
CVA
Term
electroencephalogram
Definition
EEG
Term
intracranial pressure
Definition
ICP
Term
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Definition
OCD
Term
pneumoencephalography
Definition
PEG
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
PNS
Term
spinal cord injury
Definition
SCI
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