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| muscle associated with hair follicles |
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| a gland in the ear canal that produces cerumen or ear wax |
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| inner layer of the skin that contains the blood vessels, nerves, gland & hair follicles; also called stratum corium |
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| outermost layer of the skin |
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| process by which the cells of the epidermis become filled with keratin & move to the surface where they are sloughed off |
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| a dark brown or black pigment found in parts of the body, especially skin & hair |
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| an oil gland of the skin that produces sebum or body oil |
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| below the skin; a sheet of areolar connective tissue & adipose tissue beneath the dermis of the skin; also called hypodermis or superficial fascia |
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| a gland in the skin that produces perspiration; also called sweat gland |
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| absense of hair from skin areas where it normally grows; baldness; may be hereditary or due to disease, injury, or chemotherapy or may occur as part of aging |
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| malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis; most common form of skin cancer & usually grows slowly |
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| infection of connective tissue with severe inflammation of the dermis & subcutaneous layers of the skin |
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| an inflammatory skin disease with red, itching, vascular lesions that may crust over; common allergic reaction; but may occur without any obvious cause |
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| a slough produced by a burn or gangrene |
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| superficial skin infection caused by staphylococcal or streptococcal bacteria & characterized by vesicles, pustules, crusted-over lesions; most common in children |
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| cancerous growth composed of melanocytes, often arises in preexising mole; an alarming increase in the prevalence of malignant melanoma is attributed to excessive to sunlight |
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| an elevated, pigmented lesion on the skin; commonly called a mole; a dysplastic ___ is a mole that does not form properly & may progress to a type of skin cancer |
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| severe ithcing; one of the most common problems in dermatology; arises as a result of stimulation of nerves in the skin by enzymes released in allergic reactions or by other irritating substances |
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| allergic transiet skin eruptions characterized by elevated legions, called wheals & often accompanied by severe itching and burning called hives |
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epidermal growth on the skin caused by a virus; plantar ___ occur on the soles of the feet,
juvenile ___ occur on the hands and face of children, & venereal ___ occur in the genital area |
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| a pigmentary & atrophic inherited disease of the skin & eyes that is characterized by vascular lesions, excessive freckling, keratinous growths, carcinoma, photophobia, ocular opacities, & tumors; involves defect in the enzymes active in the repair of DNA damaged by ultraviolet light |
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| admission, discharge, transfer |
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| eczema, asthma, and hay fever |
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amphiarthrosis
plural: amphiarthroses |
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| the long straight shaft of a long bone |
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diarthrosis
plural: diarthroses |
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| freely movable joint characterized by a joint cavity; also called synovial joint |
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| endochondral ossification |
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| method of bone formation in which cartilage is replaced by bone |
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| the cartilaginous plate between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a bone; responsible for the lengthwise growth of a long bone |
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| intramembranous ossification |
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| method of bone formation in which the bone is formed directly in a membrane |
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| cell that destroys or resorbs bone tissue |
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| structural unit of bone; haversian system |
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synarthrosis
plural: synarthroses |
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| inflammation of the spine that is characterized by stiffening of the spinal joints and ligaments so that movement becomes increasingly painful and difficult; also called rheumatoid spondylitis |
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| abnormal swelling of the joint between the big toe and the first metatarsal bone, resulting from a buildup of soft tissues and bone caused by chronic irritation from ill-fitting shoes |
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| condition characterized by pain and burning sensations in the fingers and hand, caused by compression of the median nerve as it passes between a wrist ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist |
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| displacement of a bone from its joint with tearing of ligaments, tendons, and articular capsule; also called luxation |
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| a form of acute arthritis in which uric acid crystals develop within a joint and irritate the cartilage, causing acute inflammation, swelling, and pain; most commonly occurs in middle-aged and older men |
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| a bacterial disease transmitted to humans by deer ticks; characterized by joint stiffness, headache, fever and chills, nausea, and back pain; complications include severe arthritis and cardiac problems; early stages of the disease respond well to antibiotics |
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| a noninflammatory disease of the joints that is characterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage and changes in the synovial membrane; also called degenerative joint disease (DJD) |
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| softening of bone because of inadequate amounts of calcium and phosphorus; bones ben easily and become deformed; in childhood this is called rickets |
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| inflammation of the bone marrow cause by bacteria |
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| decrease in bone density and mass; commonly occurs in postmenopausal women as a result of increased osteoclast activity cause by diminished estrogen levels; bones fracture easily |
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| malignant tunor derived from bone; also called osteogenic sarcoma; osteoblasts multiply without control and form large tumors in bone |
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| a chronic systemic disease with changes occurring in the connective tissues of the body, especially the joints; in contrast to osteoarthritis, the symptoms are usually more generalized and severe; evidence indicates it may be an autoimmune disease |
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| a developmental anomaly in which the vertebral laminae do not close around the spinal cord, leaving an opening through which the cord and meninges may or may not protrude |
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| twisting of a joint with pain, swelling, and injury to ligaments, tendond, muscles, blood vessels, and nerves; most often occurs in the ankle; more serious than a strain, which is the overstretching of the muscles associated with a joint |
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| congenital deformity of the foot in which the patient cannot stand with the sold of the foot flat on the ground; clubfoot |
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| distal interphalangeal joint |
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| degenerative joint disease |
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| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
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| contractile protein in the thin filaments of skeletal muscle cells |
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| a property of skeletal muscle fiber contraction; when a muscle fiber receives a sufficient stimulus to contract, all sarcomeres shorten; with insufficient stimulus, none of the sarcomeres contract |
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| a muscle that has an action opposite to the prime mover |
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| the end of a muscle that is attached to a relatively movable part; the end opposite the origin |
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| a single neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates |
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| contractile protein in the thick filaments of skeletal muscle cells |
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| the area of communication between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber; also called a myoneural junction |
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| the end of a muscle that is attached to a relatively immovable part; the end opposte the insertion |
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| the muscle that is mainly responsible for a particular body movement; also called agonist |
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| a functional contractile unit in a skeletal muscle fiber |
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| a muscle that assists a prime mover but is not capable of producing the movement by itself |
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| the ability to receive & respond to stimulus; to function properly, muscles have to respond to a stimulus from the nervous system |
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| the ability to shorten or contract; when a muscle responds to a stimulus, it shortens to produce movement |
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| a muscle can be stretched or extended; skeletal muscles are often arranged in opposing pairs; when one muscle contracts the other muscle is relaxed and is stretched |
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| the capacity to recoil or return to the original shape and length after contraction or extension |
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| four important functions that muscle contracts fulfills: |
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Definition
1. movement
2. posture
3. joint stability
4. heat production |
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| painful involuntary muscle spasm; often caused by myositis but can be a symptom of any irritation for ion imbalance |
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| the process of recording the strength of a muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation |
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| removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination |
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| an inherited, chronic, progressive wasting and weakening of muscles without involvement of the nervous system |
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| an autoimmune disease, more common in females, that is characterized by weakness of skeletal muscles caused by an abnormality at the neuromuscular junction |
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| weakness or slight paralysis of a muscle |
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| inflammation of muscle tissue |
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| repetitive stress disorder |
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| condition with symptoms caused by repetitive motions that involve muscles, tendoms, nerves, and joints; most commonly occur as work-related or sports injuries |
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| strain of the long flexor muscle of the toes resulting in pain along the tibia (shinbone); usually caused by repeated stress to the lower leg |
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| surgical repair of a tendon and muscle; applied especially to an operation for inguinal hernia |
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| surgical repair of a tendon |
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| a spasmodic involuntary twitching of a muscle that is normally under voluntary control |
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| anterior cruciate ligament |
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| progressive muscular atrophy |
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| progressive restrictive exercise |
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| a nerve impulse; a rapid change in membrane potential that involves depolarization and repolarization |
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| the portion of the brain, between the diencephalon and spinal cord, that contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
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| second largest part of the human brain, located posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata, and involved in the coordination of muscular movements |
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| the largest and uppermost part of the human brain; concerned with consciousness, learning, memory, sensations, and voluntary movements |
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Definition
| part of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain; includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus |
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| white, fatty substances that surrounds many nerve fibers |
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| the layer of Schwann cells that surrounds a nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system and, in some cases, produces myelin; also called Schwann's sheath |
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| process in which a nerve impulse travels along a myelinated nerve fiber by jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next |
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| the region of communication between two neurons |
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| minimum level of stimulation that is required to start a nerve impulse or muscle contraction; also called liminal stimulus |
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| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
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| a neurological disease caused by generation of motor neurons of the spinal cord, medulla, and cortex; marked by progressive muscular weakness and atrophy with spasticity and exaggerated reflexes; mental capabilities are not impaired; also called Lou Gehrig disease or motor neuron disease |
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Definition
| neuropathy of the seventh cranial nerve (facial) that causes paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face with sagging of the mouth on the affected side of the face |
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Definition
| loss of consciousness as the result of a blow to the head; usually clears within 24 hours; no evidence of permanent structural damage to the brain tissue |
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Definition
| bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurological problems persist longer than 24 hours |
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Definition
| partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by damage to the cerebrum during fetal life, birth, or infancy |
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| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) |
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Definition
| most common brain disorder; may be due to diseased blood supply to the brain or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain; commonly called a stroke |
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Definition
| diagnostic procedure in which x-ray images are used to compose a computerized sectional picture of the brain |
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Term
| electroencephalography (EEG) |
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Definition
| recording of the electrical activity of the brain to demonstrate seizures, brain tumors, and other diseases and injury to the brain |
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| use of magnetic waves to create a sectional image of the brain; considered to be more sensitive than a computed tomography in diagnosing certain brain lesions |
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Definition
| a disorder in which there is progressive destruction of the myelin sheaths of central nervous system neurons, interfering with their ability to transmit impulses; characterized by progressive loss of function interspersed with periods of remission; cause is unknown and there is no satisfactory treatment |
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Term
| positron emission tomography (PET) |
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Definition
| a procedure that uses a radioactive isotope, combine with a form of glucose and injected intravenously, to obtain sectional images that show how the brain uses glucose and that give information about brain functions |
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| brain dysfunction that occurs primarily in children and teenages and is characterized by edema of the brain that leads to disorientation, lethargy, and personality changes and may progress to a coma; seems to occur after chickenpox and influenza, and taking aspirin is a risk factor |
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Definition
| viral disease affecting peripheral nerves; characterized by blisters and pain spread over the skin in a bandlike pattern that follows the affected nerves; caused by the same herpesvirus that causes chickenpox |
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Definition
| a painful disorder of the fifth cranial nerve (trigeminal) that is characterized by sudden, intense, sharp pain in the face and forehead on the affected side; also known as trigeminal neuralgia |
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Term
| transient ischemic attack (TIA) |
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Definition
| an episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction cause by impaired blood flow to the brain; the onset is sudden, is of short duration, and leaves no long-lasting neurological impairment; common causes are blood clots and atherosclerosis |
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Term
| attention deficit disorder |
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Definition
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Term
| attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |
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Definition
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Term
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
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Definition
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Definition
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| obsessive-compulsive disorder |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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