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| a molecule formed from pyruvic acid in the mitochondria when oxygen is present |
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| building up, or synthesis, reactions that require energy and make complex molecules out of two or more smaller ones; opposiste of catabolism |
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| amount of energy that is necessary to maintain life and keep the body functioning at a minimal level |
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| catabolic reaction in which a two-carbon segment is removed from a fatty acid and is converted to acetyl-CoA |
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| reactions that break down complex molecules into two or more smaller ones with the release of energy; opposite of anabolism |
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| aerobic series of reactions that follows glycolysis in glucose metabolism to release energy and carbon dioxide; also called Krebs cycle |
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| a protein that contains all of the essenial amino acids |
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| the temperature deep in the body; temperature of the internal organs |
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| catabolic reaction in which an amino group is removed from an amino acid to form ammonia and a keto acid; occurs in the liver as part of protein catabolism |
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| process of forming glucose from noncarbohydrate nutrient sources such as proteins and lipids |
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| series of reactions that convert glucose or other monosaccharides into glycogen for storage |
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| series of reactions that convert glycogen into glucose |
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| anaerobic series of reactions that produces two molecules of pyruvic acid from one molecule of glucose; first series in the catabolism of glucose |
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| series of reactions in which lipids are formed from other nutrients |
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| production of heat in response to food intake |
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| absence of hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions |
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| process of providing nutrients or nutrition for the body |
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| condition in which the ingestion of gluten destroys the villi of the small intestine, resulting in a malabsorption of nutrients |
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| condition characterized by fluid and electrolyte loss because of profuse perspiration, but body temperature remains normal; symptoms include muscle cramps, dizziness, vomiting, low blood pressure, and fainting; also called heat prostration |
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| an excess of one or more vitamins, usually from the consumption if vitamin supplements; may become toxic and deadly |
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| refers to body temperature of 35° (95° F) or below |
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| yellow discoloration of the skin and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood |
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| condition in which protein intake is deficient despite normal or nearly normal calorie intake |
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| a group of disorders in which there is subnormal absorption of dietary constituents and thus excessive loss of nonabsorbed substances in the bowel |
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| a state of poor nutrition |
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| condition in which there is deficiency in both protein and calorie intake |
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| craving for substances not normally considered nutrients, such as dirt |
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| medical nutrition therapy |
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| total parenteral nutrition |
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| temperature, pulse, respiration |
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| condition in which the blood has a lower pH than normal |
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| condition in which the blood has a high pH than normal |
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| fluid in the body that is not inside cells; includes plasma and interstitial fluid |
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| double-layered epithelial cup that surrounds the glomerulus in a nephron; also called Bowman's capsule |
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| portion of the extracellular fluid that is found in the microscopic spaces between cells |
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| the fluid inside body cells |
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| portion of extracellular fluid that is in the blood; plasma |
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| juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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| complex of modifed cells in the afferent arteriole and the ascending limb/distal tubule in the kidney; helps regulate blood pressure by secreting renin; consists of the macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells |
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| functional unit of the kidney consisting of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule |
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| tubular portion of the nephron that carries the filtrate away from the glomerular capsule; site where tubular reabsorption and secretion occur |
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| condition in which there is no formation of urine |
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| presence of increased amounts of nitrogen waste products in the blood |
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| presence of increased amounts of nitrogen waste products in the blood |
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| blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
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Definition
| a blood test to determine the amount of urea that is excreted by the kidneys; abnormal results indiciate urinary tract disease |
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| insertion of a sterile catheter through the urethra into the urinary bladder |
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| visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope |
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| a procedure to separate waste material from the blood and to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance when kidney function is impaired |
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| a condition of increased or excessive flow of urine |
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| a substance that increases the production of urine |
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| difficult of painful urination |
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| involuntary emission of urine; bedwetting |
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| radiographic procedure in which a radiopaque dye is injected into a vein and its path through the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder is followed to visualize abnormalities in the renal vessels and urinary tract |
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| crushing of a calculus (stone) in the bladder, urethra, ureter, or kidney |
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| surgical removal of a kidney |
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| inflammation of the kidney |
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| excessive urination at night |
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| very little, or scanty, urination |
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| continuous bladder irrigation |
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| effective renal plasma flow |
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| glomerular filtration rate |
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| primary reproductive organs; organs that produce the gametes; testes in the male and ovaries in the female |
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Definition
| process of meiosis in the female in which one ovum and three polar bodies are produced from one primary oocyte |
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| monthly cycle of events that occur in the ovary from puberty to menopause; occurs concurrently with the uterine cycle |
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| an oocyte surrounded by one of more layers of cells within the ovaries |
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| process of meiosis in the male in which four spermatids are produced from one primary spermatocyte |
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| morphologic changes that transform a spermatid into a mature sperm |
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| monthly cycle of events that occur in the uterus from puberty to menopause; also called the menstrual cycle; occurs concurrently with the ovarian cycle |
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| congenital absence of one or both testes |
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| absence of sperm in the semen |
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| surgical removal of part of all of the foreskin of the penis |
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| removal of a growth or other matter from a cavity by scraping or by using suction |
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| sexual intercourse between a man and a woman |
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| difficult or painful menstruation |
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| a condition in which endometrial tissue occurs in various abnormal sites in the abdominal or pelvic cavity; it may be caused when pieces of menstrual endometrium pass backward through the uterine tube into the peritoneal cavity |
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Definition
| incision of the perineum to prevent tearing of the perineum and to facilitate delivery during childbirth |
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| surgical removal of the uterus |
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| abdominal pain that occurs midway between the menstrual periods, at the time of ovulation |
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| a condition in which there are few sperm in the semen; low sperm count |
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| surgical removal of an ovary |
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| surgical excision of a testis |
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| a condition in which the opening of the prepuce is narrow and cannot be drawn back ocer the glans penis |
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Definition
| inflammation of the prostate |
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| surgical removal of a uterine tube |
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| an agent that kills sperm |
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| surgical repair of the vagina |
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| excision of the vas deferens or a portion of it |
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| benign prostatic hypertrophy or hyperplasia |
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| papanicolaou smear; stain, or test |
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| pelvic inflammatory disease |
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| prostate-specific antigen |
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| sexually transmitted disease |
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| total abdominal hysterectomy |
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| transurethral resection of the prostate |
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| the innermost fetal membrane; transparent sac that holds the developing fetus suspended in fluid |
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| outermost extraembryonic, or fetal, membrane; contributes to the formation of the placenta |
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Definition
| series of mitotic cell divisions after fertilization; resulting cells are called blastomeres |
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Definition
| state of development that lasts from the beginning of the third week until the end of the eighth week after fertilization; period during which the organ systems develop in the body |
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| stage of development that starts at the beginning of the ninth week after fertilization and lasts until birth |
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| process by which the developing embryo becomes embedded in the uterine wall; usually takes about a week and is completed by the fourteenth day after fertilization |
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| act of giving birth to an infant |
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| first 2 weeks after fertilization; period of cleavage, implantation, and formation of primary germ layers |
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| the single diploid cell that is a fertilized ovum |
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| complete separation of the placenta from the uterine wall after 20 weeks but before labor; results in immediate death of the fetus and severe hemorrhage in the mother |
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| surgical procedure in which a needle is passed through the abdominal and uterine walls to obtain a specimen of amniotic fluid |
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| system of scoring an infant's physical condition 1 minute after birth; heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and response to stimuli are rated as 0, 1, 2, with a maximum total score of 10; infants with low Apgar scores require prompt medical attention |
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| removal of the fetus by abdominal incision into the uterus |
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| difficult and painful childbirth |
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| a critical condition during pregnancy or shortly after, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, uremia, covulsions, and coma |
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Definition
| fertilized egg is implanted and begins development outside the uterus |
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| surgical incision of the perineum and vagina to facilitate delivery and prevent tearing of the tissues |
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| vaginal discharge during the first 1 or 2 weeks after childbirth; consists of blood, mucus, and tissue |
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| loss of an embryo or fetus before the twentieth week; most common cause is a structural or functional defect in the developing offspring; technically known as spontaneous abortion |
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| a woman who has borne more than one child |
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| newborn infant during the first 4 weeks after birth |
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| a woman who has borne no offspring |
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| measurement of the dimensions of the mother's pelvis to determine its capacity to allow passage of the fetus through the birth canal |
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| abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus |
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| a condition during pregnancy or shortly after, marked by acute hypertension, prteinuria, and edema; may progress to the more severe form, eclampsia; also called toxemia of pregnancy |
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| delivery of a lifeless infant after the twentieth week |
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| an agent or influence that causes physical defects in the developing embryo |
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| chorionic villus sampling |
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| estimated date of confinement (due date) |
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| spontaneous abortion or miscarriage |
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| sudden infant death syndrome |
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