Term
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Definition
| number of molecules or ions of a substance in a give volume of fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| exists when the number of molecules in one area is different than in another. |
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Term
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Definition
| net movement of like molecules down a concentration gradient and is the key to substance distribution throughout the body. |
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Term
Concentration differences
Temperature (high=faster)
Molecular size(smaller=faster)
Size of gradient: bigger size = higher rate of diffusion |
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Definition
| Factors that affect the rate of diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of h2o from the fluid with the lower concentration of solutes or the higher concentration of h2o to the side with the higher concentration of solutes or the lower concentration of h20 |
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Term
1) Transport
2) Receptor
3) Recognition
4) Adhesion |
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Definition
| four different types of membrane proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| relative solute concentraions of 2 fluids and, in the body, these two solutions are the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid (or cytoplasmic fluid) |
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Term
-phosolipids
-glycolipids
-proteins
-cholesterol |
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Definition
| components of cell membrane (fluid mosaic model) |
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Term
1) expands when frozen
2) temperature buffer
3) cohesive
4) solvent to polar |
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Definition
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Term
1) catalyze
2) selective
3) reversible
4) reusable |
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Definition
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Term
1) cap
2) poly-a-tail
3) snip out introns or junk sequences |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| moves molecules to the side of the membrane where they a re less concentrated (along the contration gradient). This process will continue until solute concentrations are the same on both sides. |
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Term
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Definition
| results from the simple concept that diffusion would not occur if the protein did not form a channel for molecules to move across the membrane. Thus, it is a combination of simple diffusion with the presence of an open protein channel in the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of "membrane pumps' that make solutes or molecules cross the cell membrane against their concentration gradients. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a vesicle moves to the cell surface and the protein-enriched lipid bilayer of the cell fuses with the vesicle's lipid bilayer. This results in the contets of the vesicle being released into the cell's surrounding environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| process where a cell takes in substances next to its surface using theree different pathways. |
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Term
1) receptor
2) pinocytosis
3) phagocytosis |
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Definition
| 3 different pahtways of endocytosis |
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Term
| to continually withdraw and repalce patches of plasma membrane. |
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Definition
| primary purpose of endocytosis and exocytosis |
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Term
| about 50% cytosol and 50% organelles |
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Definition
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Term
microtubules
actin filaments
intermediate filaments |
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Definition
| three different configurations of cytoskeloten |
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Term
1)constructed from tubulin.
2)They are the essential components of flagella and cilia that regulate cell movement. |
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Definition
| charachteristics of microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| Thickest of the 3 cytoskeloten elements. |
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Term
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Definition
| thinnest of the 3 types of cytoskelaton elements. |
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Term
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Definition
| usually have small diamaters but are up to a meter in length in some nerve cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| small structures in cells that are specialized to perform highly specific functions |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized zone of cytoplasm near the nucleus of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| small barrell-shaped structures composed of 9 evenly spaced sets of triplets of cytoskeletal elements. |
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Term
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Definition
| projections from the cell surface that can function to meve the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of tubules in cilia |
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Term
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Definition
| longer than the cilia and usually only number one |
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Term
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Definition
| consist of ribosomal RNA and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| sites of protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| appear as stacked, flattened sacs with many ribosomes attached. |
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Term
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Definition
| most lipids assembled such as phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroid hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| location where drugs and toxic wates are inactivated int he liver |
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Term
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Definition
flattened sac (appear as if they are packakes with syrup) where enzymesput final touches on proteis and lipids.
UPS man |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane-bound vesicles that originate from the golgi apparatus and contain a number of enzymes for the breakdown of carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane-bound vesicles that further breakdown the molecules left over from lysosomal breakdown. |
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Term
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Definition
| energy manufacturing plant of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| major cellular site of ATP manufacturing |
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Term
1)contain their own set of DNA and ribosomes and, so,
2) will manufacture their own set of proteins.
3) function just as bacterial cell does |
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Definition
| unique features of mitochondria |
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Term
| nucleoplasm and a nuclear envelope |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| dispersed throughout the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| total collection of DNA and its proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| single molecule of DNA plus its associated proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| "dark spot" within a growing cell's nucleus whre protein and RNA molecules are being manufactured |
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Term
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Definition
| double stranded molecule that contains instructions to synthesize every protein |
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Term
guanine(G)
cytosine(C)
adenine(A)
thymine (T) |
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Definition
| 4 bases of DNA (nucleotides) |
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Term
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Definition
| only certain regions of the DNA are exposed |
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Term
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Definition
| place where transcription occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| place where translation occurs |
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Term
1) messnenger RNA or mRNA
2) ribosomal RNA of rRna
3) transfer RNA or tRNA |
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Definition
| Three classes of RNA that are transcribed from DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| single strand of DNA that is composed of 5-C sugars, phosphate groups and 4 nucleotide bases |
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Term
5-c sugars
phospahte groups
4nucleotide bases |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 64 amino acids that are the basis for protein synthesis in all organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| stage that the cell spends a mojority of its time in |
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Term
| nerve and skeletal muscle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cell is engaged in typical activities, including manufacturing of lipids, proteins, carbs, and nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| DNa replicates duplicates |
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Term
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Definition
| when proteins and other essential molecules are made that will function during cell division. |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosome # at all stages of mitosis/ meiosis |
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Term
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase |
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Definition
| four sequential stages of mitosis |
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Term
sister chromatids of each chromosome twist and fold into a compact form.
nuclear envelope begins to disentegrate |
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Definition
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Term
| chromosomes change positions under direction of a spindle apparatus. |
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Definition
| major events of metaphase |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes are at their most tightly condensed form at this point |
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Term
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Definition
| when all the chromosomes are aligned at the cell's equator, halfway between the poles |
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Term
sister chromatids of each chromosem seperate from each other and move to oppostie poles.
chromosomes pulled towards poles
spindle elongates |
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Definition
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Term
2 daughter chromosomes of each original chromatid pair arrive at opposite poles
chromosomes return to the threadlike form typical of interphase
nuclear envelope reforms |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| division of the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| line up cells during meiosis (even the unequally matched sex chromosomes) |
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Term
chromosomes duplicated
spindle apparatus moves the chromosomes |
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Definition
| things mitosis has in common with meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous chromosomes pair that form tetrads |
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Term
crossing over
random alignments at metaphase
chance |
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Definition
| 3 sources variation comes from at the time of fertiliztion |
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Term
1) spin
2) move side-side
3) flex tails |
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Definition
| fluid mosaic model propeties of phsopholipids |
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