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Anatomy/Physiology - Nervous System
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57
Biology
12th Grade
03/17/2010

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Term
Anatomy
Definition
Structures of the body
Term
Physiology
Definition
How body parts work to carry out functions (cellular level)
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Maintenance of a constant internal environment
Term
Failure in homeostasis results in
Definition
Illness and may cause death
Term
Feedback Systems
Definition
Negative and Positive
Regulation of homeostasis
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
Variation outside normal limits. Response is to restore normal, automatic response. System that occurs the most.
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
Variation outside normal limits. Response is body elevates it. In an unhealthy individual will often result in death. Rare in healthy individual. (Ex: Pregnancy)
Term
Nervous System
Definition
Body's master control and communication system
Detection and response to the environment
Term
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Definition
Brain and Spine
Term
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Definition
Nerves (Motor, Sensory, Interneurons)
Divisions (Somatic and Autonomic)
Term
Somatic (Division of PNS)
Definition
Under conscious control (skeletal)
Term
Autonomic (Division of PNS)
Definition
Automatic (organs). Sympathetic nervous system and Parasympathetic Nervous System.
Term
Sympathetic Nervous System
Definition
Autonomic
Controls organs in time of stress (fight/flight reaction)
Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Definition
Autonomic
Controls organs when body is at rest.
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
Largest part of the brain
Term
Gyri
Definition
Elevated ridges of brain
Term
Sulci
Definition
Shallow depressions of brain
Term
Fissures
Definition
Deep grooves of brain
Term
Longitudinal Fissure
Definition
Separates left and right hemisphere of brain
Term
Corpus Collosum
Definition
Holds together and communicates left and right hemispheres. Thick band of white matter.
Term
Frontal Lobe
Definition
Voluntary motor functions, language/speech, emotion, aggression/ consequence (includes Broca's Area)
Term
Broca's Area
Definition
Part of Frontal Lobe
Motor control of speech
Term
Parietal Lobe
Definition
Reception/evaluation of sensory info, fine motor skill (includes Wernike's Area)
Term
Wernike's Area
Definition
Part of Parietal Lobe (left hemisphere only)
Plays a role in visual and auditory memory
Term
Temporal Lobe
Definition
Smell, hearing, memory
Term
Occipital Lobe
Definition
Vision
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
Cortex of brain
Includes thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary, infundibulum)
Term
Thalamus
Definition
Part of Diencephalon
Relays info of sensory impulses coming in. "Gateway to cortex"
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Part of Diencephalon
Maintains water balance, temperature, thirst/hunger, sex drive, sleep/wake, hormones, pain/pleasure center
Term
Pituitary
Definition
Part of Diencephalon
Main endocrine gland
Term
Infundibulum
Definition
Part of Diencephalon
Connects pituitary and hypothalamus
Term
Brain Stem
Definition
Includes midbrain, pons, medulla oblangata
Term
Midbrain
Definition
Part of Brain Stem
Process auditory/visual stimulus, contains cerebral aquaducts
Term
Pons
Definition
Part of Brain Stem
Connects cerebellum to spinal cord (respiration rate)
Term
Medulla Oblangata
Definition
Part of Brain Stem
Involuntary. 5 cranial nerves connect here. Controls heartbeat, respiration, digestion (muscle)
Term
Ventrical
Definition
4 connected cavities within the brain. Circulates cerebral spinal fluid
Term
Cerebral spinal fluid
Definition
Function is protection in the form of shock absorption. 1/2 cup being circulated. Made in choroid plexus.
Term
Choroid plexus
Definition
Located in 3rd and 4th ventricles. Collection of capillaries. Makes CSF.
Term
Grey Matter
Definition
Dense area of cell bodies with short axons. Interprets information.
Term
White Matter
Definition
Made of axons (nerve track). Delivers information to cells.
Term
Meninges
Definition
Protection of the skull. Includes Dura Mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater
Term
Dura Mater
Definition
Part of meninges. "Tough Mother." Includes Periasteal dura mater, meningeal dura mater, dural sinus, and venous blood
Term
Periasteal dura mater
Definition
Part of Dura Mater. Attached to the skull. Exterior.
Term
Meningeal dura mater
Definition
Part of Dura Mater. Interior.
Term
Dural Sinus
Definition
Part of Dura Mater. Space between Periasteal dura mater and Meningeal dura mater.
Term
Venous Blood
Definition
Blood containing waste. Enters the jugular vein in the dural sinus
Term
Arachnoid Mater
Definition
Part of Meninges. "Spider Mother." No blood vessels. Contains arachnoid villas. CSF circulated in this area.
Term
Arachnoid Villas
Definition
Projections in the Arachnoid mater that enters the dural sinuses
Term
Pia Mater
Definition
Part of Meninges. "Little Mother." Adheres to brain. Contains many arteries.
Term
Blood Brain Barrier
Definition
Neurons in brain are kept separate from most blood substances. Brain has the least permeable capillaries. Only water soluble things can enter.
Term
Cell Body (Part of a Typical Motor Neuron)
Definition
Metabolic center and processing center
Term
Dendrites (Part of a Typical Motor Neuron)
Definition
Receives sensory information
Term
Axonal Hillock (Part of a Typical Motor Neuron)
Definition
Where axon comes off of dendrite
Term
Myelin (Part of a Typical Motor Neuron)
Definition
White, fatty, waxy substance. Protects and insulates nerve fiber. Made by Schwann cells.
Term
Nodes of Ranvier (Part of a Typical Motor Neuron)
Definition
Gaps in Schwann cells
Term
Axon Terminals (Part of a Typical Motor Neuron)
Definition
Average axon can have thousands. At end are membranous sacs that contain neurotransmitters.
Term
Nervous Impulse
Definition
In axon endings (contains vesicles - little pouches that neurotransmitters). Action potential reaches axon ending. Ca+ in synapse enters the axon, causing the vesicle to bind to the membrane and release the neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on dendrite, causing Na+ channels to open, starting action potential over. Neurotransmitter recycled.
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