Term
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Definition
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Term
| What vertebral level is the location of the oblique fissures in the back? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another term for Lobar Bronchi? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another term for Segmental Bronchi? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many lobes is in the right lobe? |
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Definition
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Term
| How may lobes are in the left lung? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 lobes of the right lung called? |
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Definition
| Superior, middle, inferior |
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Term
| Name where the right lobes are located with respect to the ribs. |
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Definition
Superior lobe - above rib 4
Middle lobe - between ribs 4 and 5
Inferior lobe - below 5th rib (mor lateral) |
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Term
| Where is the oblique fissure of the right lung located with respect to the ribs. |
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Definition
| Between the 5th and 6th ribs |
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Term
| What are the 2 lobes of the left lung and where are they located with respect to the ribs. |
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Definition
Superior Lobe - above 5th rib
Inferior Lobe - below 6th rib |
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Term
| Where is the oblique fissure of the left lung located with respect to the ribs? |
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Definition
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Term
| This lung contains a deep cardiac notch on the anterior-inferior margin |
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Definition
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Term
| In a position with both UEs overhead (shoulders flexed at 180 and elbows flexed at 90), the medial borders of the scapula are located at the level of what on each lung? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 2 pleuras of the lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| This pleura is adhered to the lungs and along the lung surface. |
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Definition
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Term
| This pleura lines the pulmonary cavity (ribs) on the thoracic cavity |
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Definition
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Term
| The potential space between layers with fluid that sllows sliding (to minimize friction) during respiration. The surface tension keep the lungin contact with the wall to allow for expansion. |
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Definition
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Term
| If an object pierces the plural cavity, the patient may develop ___ and loose the vacuum which may cause the lung to collapse. |
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Definition
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Term
| The inferior recess where fluid may accumulate with a hemothorax and require drainage (thoracentesis or chest tube) |
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Definition
| Costodiaphragmatic Recess |
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Term
| At what level is the costodiaphragmatic recess located? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what vertebral level is the hilum located? |
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Definition
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Term
| The area on the medial surface of each lunch where structures listed below enter and leave the lung (aka the root of the lung) |
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Definition
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Term
| The area on the medial surface of each lunch where structures listed below enter and leave the lung (aka the root of the lung) |
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Definition
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Term
| This circulation receives right cardiac output. Each lung has this type of artery carrying blood to it (deoxygenated), and 2 pulmonary veins draining blood from it (oxygenated). |
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Definition
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Term
| Arise from the pulmonary trunk at the level of the sternal angle. |
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Definition
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Term
| These veins carry oxygenated blood drom the lungs to the left atrium. |
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Definition
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Term
| Prove nutrition to the lungs. Because they are small, they are likely destroyed during lung transplantation and collateral circulation develops. |
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Definition
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Term
| Once the bronchial circulation is detroyed during lung transplantation, where do the lungs then get their nutrition from? |
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Definition
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Term
| During a lung transplant, what else is destroyed besides the bronchial circulation? |
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Definition
| Nerves; this results in atypical physiological responses |
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Term
| What makes up the upper respiratory tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| This part of the respiratory tract moistens, warms, and cleans air |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 3 parts of the pharynx |
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Definition
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Term
| What all is included in the lower respiratory tract? |
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Definition
| Trachea, mainstem and lobar bronchi, segmental and subsegmental bronchi, respiratory bronchioles and alveoli |
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Term
| The level of the respiratory tract deals strictly with respiratory functions. It begins at the level of the cricoid cartilage and includes conducting airways and terminal respiratory units. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bifurcation into the primary bronchi occurs at the level of the sternal angle. The right side is larger and at less of an angle. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where gas exchange occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| In which side of the trachea are foreign objects more likely to go into? |
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Definition
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Term
| Plays an important role in airway clearance technique (ACT) positioning as well as aligns segmental airways for gravity-assisted clearance |
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Definition
| Bronchopulmonary segments |
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Term
| What are the bronchopulmonary segments of the superior lobes? |
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Definition
| Anterior, Apical, and Posterior |
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Term
| R & L apical and anterior are similar enough to use the same techniques for ACT but R & L posterior segments differ in angle of inclination for ACT. |
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Definition
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Term
| R side only but lingula on the L side is functionally equivalent. ACT use same head down inclination but with contralateral trunk rotations. |
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Definition
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Term
| What bronchopulmonary segments are found in the infeior lobes? |
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Definition
| Superior, posterior, lateral, and anterior basal segments (medial basal is not accessible) |
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Term
| Has a similar inclination R & L (lateral basal uses contralateral sidelying - R or L) |
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Definition
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Term
| __ side of the lung is comprised mainly of upper lobe and the __ side of the lung is comprised mainly of the lower lobe. This is important in terms of positional flow of fluid in the lungs. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the efferent (autonomic) innervation of the lungs, what do the parasympathetics (vagus nerve) do? |
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Definition
Bronchoconstriction
Pulmonary artery dilation
Increase glandular secretion (can clog up airways) |
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Term
| In the efferent (autonomic) innervation of the lungs, what do the sympathetic (from sympathetic trunk) do? |
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Definition
-Dilation of respiratory tract
-Pulmonary artery constriction relatively allowing more blood flow to reach working muscles
-Decrease in glandular secretions |
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Term
| Atropine is an anti-cholinergic that will ___ the parasympathetics |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a medication that will increase sympathetics? |
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Definition
| Albuterol (beta-2 receptors) |
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Term
| In the afferent innervation of the lungs, what does the vagus reflexive fibers do? |
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Definition
-Connective tissue for cough reflexes and stretch reception
-Vascular tissue for pressure and chemo reception |
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Term
| In the afferent innervation of the lungs, what does the intercostal and phrenic nerves do? |
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Definition
-Innervation of the parietal pleura
-Referred pain dependent on area of inflammation |
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Term
| What cervical levels keep the diaphragm alive? |
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Definition
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Term
| This layer of the heart is a tough, inelastic outer layer that blends with the central tendon of the diaphragm. If you have increased fluid, this layer will not budge which causes problems with the heart (pericardial tampinate) |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 2 types of Pericardium of the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 2 layers of the Serous pericardium of the heart? |
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Definition
| Parietal and Visceral Layer |
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Term
| This layer lines the fibrous pericardium |
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Definition
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Term
| The reflected layer covering heart and great vessels; it is adhered to the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| The potential space betwene the serous layers of the pericardium. It reduces friction associated with the beating heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some pathologies associated with the pericardial cavity? |
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Definition
| Pericarditis (inflammation of serous layers), Percardial rub (friction rub), pericardial effusion with CHF |
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Term
| This part of the heart is located posterior to the left 5th intercostal space, approximately 8-9 cm from the median plane (~the breadth of the person's hand) |
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Definition
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Term
| At what intercostal space is the apex of the heart located? |
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Definition
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Term
-Hypertrophy of the L ventricle will cause the __ of the heart to shift left and down.
-In thin people this shifts downward
-During pregnancy, this shifts up |
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Definition
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Term
| The point of attachment; made up mostly of LA (where the vessels come in) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is included in the right border of the heart? |
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Definition
| Right atrium between SVC and IVC |
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Term
| What is included in the inferior border of the heart? |
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Definition
| nearly horizontal, formed by right ventricle and slightly the left ventricle |
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Term
| What is included in the left border of the heart? |
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Definition
| Obliquely vertical, formed by the left ventricle and slightly the left atrium |
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Term
| What is included in the superior border of the heart? |
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Definition
| Formed by the right atrium and the left atrium, ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk emerges from it. |
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Term
| The inferior surface of the heart is also known as the diaphragmatic surface, what makes up the inferior surface of the heart? |
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Definition
| Left ventricle forms the largest part |
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Term
| The anterior surface of the heart is also known as the sternocostal surface, what makes up the anterior surface of the heart? |
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Definition
| Right ventricle forms the largest part |
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Term
| What makes up the left pulmonary surface of the heart? |
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Definition
| Left ventricle, making the cardiac impression |
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Term
| What makes up the right pulmonary surface of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 sides of the heart tend to have problems? |
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Definition
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Term
| This valvular disorder results in harsh sounds, a failure of the valve to open fully, and slow blood flow. |
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Definition
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Term
| This valvular disorder results in a blowing sound and the failure of the valve to close fully. |
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Definition
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Term
| The coronary sinus dumps into where? |
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Definition
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Term
| This heart chamber receives SVC and IVC, it is thin-walled, and includes the interatrial septum (fossa ovalis) |
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Definition
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Term
| A complex congenital HD where the R side hypertrophies due to increased load. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 cusps of the tricuspid valve that include papillary muscles. |
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Definition
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Term
| What pulls the cusps closed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Attach to the adjacent cusps of the tricuspid valve and papillary contraction prevents separation and inversion - weakness results in prolapse with regurgitation of blood from ventricle to atrium. |
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Definition
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Term
| Includes the interventricular septum which is a thick muscular wall between the R and L ventricles and contains the AV bundle. There is a potential for defect (VSD) especially in the more superior membranous portion when HTN in present. |
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Definition
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Term
| This valve goes from the RV to the lung |
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Definition
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Term
| Found at the apex of conus arteriosus (level of the 3rd costal cartilage), includes anterior, left and right cusps, stenosis can result from fusing of the cusps. |
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Definition
| Pulmonary Valve (semilunar) |
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Term
| This valve has lower pressure compared to AV valves - they do not have tendinous cords but act like pockets to catch blood as it flows back due to elastic recoil in the pulmonary trunk |
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Definition
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Term
| Pulmonary valve incompetence occurs when decreased flexibility or scarring from disease results in poor occlusion of cusps |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 pulmonary veins enter here and it is thicker than the RA |
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Definition
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Term
| Loced posterior to the sternum at the level of the 4th costal cartilage, it has anterior and posterior cusps and is larger than the tricuspid valve; has tendinous cord and papillary muscles. |
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Definition
| Mitral Valve (L AV valve) |
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Term
| This occurs in 1/20 (greater in young females) |
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Definition
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Term
| Performs more work than the RV due to higher systemic pressure - walls 2-3x thicker |
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Definition
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Term
| At the apex of aortic vestibule of LV - posterior to the L side of sternum at the 3rd intercostal space; has posterior, right and left cusps -RCA and LCA exit from the corresponding aortic sinus; stenosis is most frequent valve abnormality - degenerative calcification. Leads to LV hypertrophy. |
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Definition
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Term
| The pacemaker of the heart, deep to the epicardium at the junction of SVC and RA. The signal from this spreads myogenically (no physical connection) |
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Definition
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Term
| This node is located is in the interatrial septum near the opening of the cardiac sinus. Includes the AV Bundle or bundle of His) |
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Definition
| Atrioventricular (AV) Node |
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Term
| Transmission to ventricles, divides at junction of membranous and muscular IVS. The R bundle has subendocardial branches (Purkinje fibers) to the RV. and the L bundle has subendocardial branches (Purkinje fibers)to the LV. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Postganglionic fibers from the sympathetic trunk ganglia; Presynaptic from T1-6 IML; Terminates on SA and AV nodes and coronary arteries. Causes increased HR, force of contraction, and increased coronary flow. |
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Definition
| Sympathetic autonomic supply to the heart |
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Term
| Vagus nerve; opposes sympathetic |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic autonomic supply to the heart |
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Term
| This artery supplies the myocardium and epicardium of the heart. |
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Definition
| Coronary artery (1st branches off the aorta) |
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Term
| Arises from the corresponding aortic sinuses. Supplies both the atria and the ventricles. |
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Definition
| R and L coronary arteries |
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Term
| This artery comes off the left aorta cusp; includes the left main common trunk (LMCT) and runs under the pulmonary trunk. |
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Definition
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Term
| The left coronary artery has 2 major branches that begin at the level of the AV sulcus. what are they? |
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Definition
1. Left Anterior Descending (LAD) or Anterior IV
2. Circumflex Artery |
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Term
| What is most common artery for coronary artery disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ths artery feeds the anterior surface of the heart, runs along the intraventricular sulcus toward the apex, supplies diagonal branches, and serves the anterior surfaces of LV, RV, and IV septum (and AV bundle branches) |
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Definition
| Left Anterior Descending or Anterior IV |
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Term
| This artery runs along the AV septum, gives rise to the L marginal branch (obstuse marginal artery), atrial branches, and posterior ventricular branches |
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Definition
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Term
| Supplies the lower lateral LV wall |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Atrial branches of the circumflex |
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Term
| Supplies part of the posterior wall |
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Definition
| Posterior ventricular branches |
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Term
| This artery comes off the R cusp of the aorta. It branches to the SA node, AV node, and R atrium; Runs along AV septum, right marginal branch (acute marginal branch), posterior IV artery terminates in region of the posterior IV sulcus, and combination from RCA, CX, or both supply the posterior wall an some of the apex |
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Definition
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Term
| Supplies the R lateral wall and some posterior wall |
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Definition
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Term
| If plugged, starves the critical parts of the heart; Ischemia of the anterior, lateral, and some inferior and posterior LV |
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Definition
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Term
| Diffuse anterior wall ischemia; impact on AV bundle - bundle branch block |
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Definition
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Term
| Less diffuse anterior wall ischemia |
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Definition
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Term
| Diffuse lateral wall with variable posterior and inferior wall ischemia |
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Definition
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Term
| Lower lateral wall ischemia; location of obstruction can frequently be deduced by EKG |
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Definition
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Term
| Variable posterior and inferior wall ischemia; Possible SA and AV node injury or infarction (potential rhythm disturbances) |
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Definition
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Term
| Variable posterior wall and inferior wall involvement |
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Definition
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Term
| When in supine, what intercostal space is the areola found? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A(All) - Aortic (R 2nd intercostal)
P(Patients) - Pulmonary (L 2nd intercostal)
T(Take) - Tricuspid (L 5th intercostal)
M(Medicine) - Mitral (L 5th intercostal) |
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Term
| Rhythm disturbances may be due to __ occlusion |
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Definition
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Term
| It is rare for an infarction of the __ to occur |
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Definition
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Term
| Occlusion of several distal vessels is similary to the occlusion of a __ vessel |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is more threatening; an occlusion to a proximal or a distal vessel? |
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Definition
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Term
| __ varies based on variations and collateral circulation |
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Definition
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Term
| Which wall of the heart is at greatest risk due to longer vessels that supply it. It has a great opportunity for occlusion at ta given point or just global narrowing. Varying contributions of the 3 major vessels to this area contribute to this risk. |
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Definition
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