Term
| how are neurons classified? |
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Definition
| by their number of processes |
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Term
| what are the classifications of neurons? |
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Definition
| bipolar unipolar and multipolar |
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Term
| dendrites are specialized for what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| axons are specialized for what? |
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Definition
| conduction of an action potential |
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Term
| what is the main function of the cardiovascular system? |
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Definition
| exchange of O2 and CO2 and waste products |
|
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Term
| what are the three layers of blood vessels (tunics)? |
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Definition
| outer connective tissue layer, middle smooth muscle layer, inner endothelial lined layer. |
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Term
| why do the largest arteries leaving the heart contain large amounts of elastic fibers? |
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Definition
| allows for great expansion and recoil. |
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Term
| what is the function of smooth muscle in medium sized arteries? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is more numerous, veins or arteries? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are deep veins called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| deep veins accompany an artery. do superficial veins accompany arteries? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| why are valves important in venous return? |
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Definition
| as surrounding muscles contract, blood within the veins is milked toward the heart. valves within veins prevent backflow. |
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Term
| superficial and deep veins communicate via what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when you have a failure of the valves within a perforating vein? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is any detached, traveling intravascular mass (solid, liquid, or gaseous) carried by circulation, which is capable of clogging arterial capillary beds |
|
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Term
| what does the lymphatic system get rid of? |
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Definition
| fluid, dead blood cells, pathogens, cancer cells that cannot fit in the cardiovascular system |
|
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Term
| what are the largest lymphatic ducts? |
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Definition
| the right lymphatic and thoracic duct. |
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Term
| the lymphatic vessels are located throughout the body except where? |
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Definition
| CNS and avascular tissues |
|
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Term
| what are the lymphoid organs? |
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Definition
| lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and peyer's patches. |
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Term
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Definition
| small encapsulated structures that interrupt the course of lymphatic vessels, filter the lymph of particulate matter and phagocytose viral and bacterial pathogens. |
|
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Term
| what are some clinical applications of lymph nodes? |
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Definition
| You would want to know the anatomy of lymph nodes to predict metastasizes in cancer. lymph is one way, like veins. hodgkins |
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Term
|
Definition
| condition of localized interstitial fluid retention and tissue swelling secondary to a compromised lymphatic system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| are modified sweat glands which lie within two layers of superficial fascia |
|
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Term
| what is the retromammary space? |
|
Definition
| a layer of loose CT separating the breast from the deep fascia and allows for movement of underlying muscles. |
|
|
Term
| what is the position of the breast tissue? |
|
Definition
| between the 2nd and 6th ribs between the sternum and midaxillary line. |
|
|
Term
| what are suspensory ligaments of the breast? |
|
Definition
| well defined fibrous bands of CT that run between the skin and deep fascia |
|
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Term
| what is the lactiferous duct and lactiferous sinus? |
|
Definition
| the parenchyma of the mammary glands is arranged in about 15-20 lobules, each of which is drained by a lactiferous duct opening toward the nipple. As each duct approaches the nipples, it dilates as a lactiferous sinus |
|
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Term
| what is a clinically important lateral extension of the breast tissue? why is it significant? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the cephalic vein located? |
|
Definition
| in the deltopectoral groove. |
|
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Term
| what is the functional component of the nervous system? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the nervous system is divided anatomically into what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many spinal nerves are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many cranial nerves are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system of membranes enveloping the CNS |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| nerve cell bodies within the PNS |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| nerve processes within the CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| collections of nerve cell bodies within the CNS. also called nuclei |
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Term
|
Definition
| nerve processes within the CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| nerve processes within the PNS |
|
|
Term
| ventral root. what type of nerves come out of this part of the spinal chord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dorsal root. what type of nerves come out of this part of the spinal chord? |
|
Definition
| sensory neurons. afferent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shortly after a spinal nerve has formed it quickly branches into two rami. one dorsal, one ventral. in this manner, every rami emerging from a spinal nerve contains both motor and sensory fibers. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| afferent are sensory neurons, and efferent are motor neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
supply Motor fibers to skeletal muscles of the deep back and neck as well as to smooth
muscle of glands within skin overlying these muscles.
• Sensory fibers from the skin of the dorsal surface of the trunk, head and neck. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
supply Motor fibers to skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs, except those of the deep back as well as to smooth muscle of glands within skin overlying these muscles.
• Sensory fibers from the skin of the anterior and lateral body wall as well as from the limbs. |
|
|
Term
| ventral rami EVERYTHING ELSE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| somatic nervous system vs autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
We have described the function of nerve cells and their fibers as either motor (efferent) or sensory
(afferent). Motor and sensory neurons and their processes can be classified further as supplying
structures related to the soma or body wall (somatic) or structures related to organs or cavities (visceral
or autonomic). |
|
|
Term
| What is the location of the cell bodies of the general somatic afferents? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the cell bodies of general visceral afferents? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a single somatic motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates |
|
|
Term
| what nerve fibers make up the somatic motor system? |
|
Definition
| GSE's. these neurons are located in the ventral horn, their fibers exit via the ventral root, enter a spinal nerve, and travel the peripheral nerves to their target skeletal muscles. |
|
|
Term
| what nerve fibers make up the autonomic motor system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the first neuron in the pathway is called... the second is called.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the autonomic nervous system controls and monitors.... |
|
Definition
the internal environment. it is concerned with the innervation of
involuntary structures (i.e. cardiac muscle, smooth muscle of organs, vessels and glands). The brain
controls the ANS and integrates the activities of the autonomic and neuroendocrine (hormonal) systems
thus preserving balance (homeostasis) within the body |
|
|
Term
| give the function and location of the sympathetic nervous system. (this is one of the divisions of the GVE's of the ANS) |
|
Definition
A primary function of the sympathetic system is to control arterial blood flow and thus prepare the body for exertion. Therefore, these neurons are
distributed throughout the body since they innervate the smooth muscle of arteries. |
|
|
Term
| give the function and location of the parasympathetic nervous system. (this is one of the divisions of the GVE's of the ANS) |
|
Definition
A primary function of the parasympathetic system
is to return the body to its resting state. This
system is especially active during digestion. Parasympathetic neurons are only found in the head,neck and body cavities. Because this system does not innervate the smooth muscle associated with arteries, these neurons are never found in peripheral nerves located in the body wall or limbs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the epineurium is athick CT sheath surrounding entire large peripheral nerves. it contains fat, blood vessels, and lymphatics |
|
|
Term
| do the SYMP and PARASYM innervate the same tissues? |
|
Definition
The two divisions of the ANS do not
innervate the same tissues to “fight it out”. Their opposing effects result from the innervation of different structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the perineurium is a layer of dense CY that enclose one fasciculus (bundle) of nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a delicate CT sheath surrounding individual cells and processes of sensory and motor neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one individual bundle of nerves in a nerve fiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is a disease of the arteries where chronic inflammation in the walls allow for deposits of cholesterol and fatty proteins. in the legs, chronic narrowing of the bessels may cause peripheral vascular disease. |
|
|
Term
| what is a deep vein thrombosis? |
|
Definition
| clot in the deep vein of the leg. |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the general somatic afferents (GSA)? |
|
Definition
| conveys cutaneous sensation (pain temp vibration pressure) from skin and proprioception from joints and muscles in body wall and limbs |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the general visceral afferents (GVA)? |
|
Definition
| Conveys reflex sensations, pain, distension and chemical change, from viscera, glands and blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| are general visceral afferents (GVA) sympathetic or parasympathetic? |
|
Definition
| while GVAs are part of the ANA they are not classified as either sympathetic or parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the general somatic efferents (GSE)? |
|
Definition
| conduct impulses to voluntary effectors: skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the cell bodies of the general somatic efferents (GSE)? |
|
Definition
| ventral horn of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what what is the location of the cell bodies general visceral efferents (GVEs)? |
|
Definition
| depends on function (sympathetic or parasympathetic) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the general visceral efferents (GVEs)? |
|
Definition
Conduct impulses to involuntary (autonomic) effectors: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
located in glands/organs |
|
|
Term
| How would you classify GVE's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many neurons does a somatic motor system need to complete its pathway from spinal cord to effector muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many neurons are needed to complete a motor impulse from the autonomic motor system to its smooth/cardiac effector? |
|
Definition
| requires two (GVE)neurons to complete a motor impulse from the spinal cord to an effector (smooth/cardiac muscle, glands). The cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the ANS are located within the gray matter of the spinal cord (lateral horn) and brainstem (CNS). Secondary neurons are located in ganglia outside the CNS as postganglionic neurons. |
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