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Definition
| the structural and functional unit of all living things |
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Term
| 3 major parts readily identifiable in cells under light microscope |
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Definition
nucleus
cytoplasm
plasma membrane |
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| -contains genetic material DNA |
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-genetic material in nucleus when cell isn't dividing
-loosely dispersed in threadlike form |
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-form of chromatin with cell is dividing
-dense, darkly staining rodlike bodies |
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-composed of proteins and ribonucleic acid RNA
-assembly sites for ribosomal particles |
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-double-layered porous membrane bounding the nucleus
-distinguished by large nuclear pores |
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-selective permeability
-separates cell contents from surrounding environment
-main structural building blocks of phospholipids and proteins
-bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which proteins float |
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-minute fingerlike projections or folds along the plasma membrane surface
-increases cell surface area for absorption, passage of materials, or binding of signaling molecules |
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| fluid cytoplasmic material of cytoplasm |
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| small structure high organized to carry out specific functions of the cell |
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-densely staining roughly spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein
-sites of protein synthesis
-seen floating free in cytoplasm to attached to rough ER |
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-highly folded system of membrane tubules and cisternae (sacs) extending through cytoplasm
-continuous with nuclear envelope
-provides intracellular transport of substances |
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-studded with ribosomes
-cisternae modify and store newly formed proteins and dispatch them to other areas of the cell
-external of rough ER involved in phospholipid and cholesterol synthesis
-abundant and protein manufacturing&exporting cells. i.e. pancreas cells |
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-abundant in steroid-based hormone making cells
-abundant n cells active in lipid metabolism and drug detoxification
i.e. liver |
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Definition
-stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends found close to nucleus
-within cisternae, proteins delivered from rough ER are modified, segregated, and packed into membranous vesicles that are incorporated into plasma membrane, become secretory vesicles that release their contents from the cell, or become lysosomes |
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| -membrane-bound sacs containing powerful digestive enzymes |
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Definition
-enzyme-containing sacs
-using oxygen, detoxifies a number of harmful substances |
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Definition
-rod-shaped bodies with doube membrane wall (inner membrane thrown into folds or cristae)
-provides ATP through Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
-slender tubules formed of proteins called tubulins
-organizes cytoskeleton and direct formation of spindle formed by centrioles during cell division
-also act in transport of substances down the length of elongated cells, suspend organelles, and help maintain shape by providing rigidity to the soft cellular substance |
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Term
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Definition
| -have the ability to aggregate and then disaggregate spontaneously |
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Definition
| -stable proteinaceous cytoskeletal elements acting as internal guy wires to resist mechanical forces acting on cells |
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-ribbon or cordlike elements
-formed of contractile proteins, primarily actin
-important in cell mobility and abundant in cells made to contract (muscle cells) |
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Definition
-come in pairs
-lie close to nucleus in all animal cells capable of repoducing themselves
-rod-shaped bodies lying at right angles of each other
-composed of 9 triplets of microtubules
-directs formation of mitotic spindle during division |
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Definition
-longer period during which the cell grows and carries out its usual activities
-when about to divide during interphase, DNA is replicated |
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Definition
| when the cell reproduces itself by dividing |
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Definition
-nuclear division
-product = 2 daughter nuclei genetically identical to mother |
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Definition
-division of cytoplasm
-begins after mitosis is nearly complete |
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Definition
-specialized type of nuclear division occurring only in reproductive organs
-yields 4 daughter nuclei differing genetically from mother
-used only for production of gametes for sexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
-chromatin threads coil and shorten to form chromosomes
-each strand of the double stranded chromosomes are known as chromatids
-chromatids are attached to one another at the centromere
-nucleoli disappear and centrioles separate and act a focal points for assembly of 2 systems of microtubules: mitotic spindle and asters |
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Definition
| -formed between centrioles during late mitosis |
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Definition
| -radiate outward from the ends of the spindle and anchor it to the plasma membrane during late prophase |
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Definition
-while centrosomes are moving apart, nuclear envelope fragments and allows the spindle to interact with chromosomes
-some of the growing spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores - now called kinetochore microtubules
-polar microtubules are not attached to any chromosomes and slide past each other, forcing the poles apart
-kinetochore microtubules pull on each chromosome from both poles, ultimately drawing the chromosomes to the equator of the cell |
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Definition
| -special protein structures at each chromosome's centromere |
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-two centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell
-chromosomes cluster at middle of cell, centromeres aligned at equator
-plane midway between poles called the metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
-begins as centromeres of chromosomes split
-each chromatid becomes a chromosome
-kinetochore microtubules pull each chromosome toward the pole it faces
-polar microtubules push the two poles apart
-chromosomes are V-shaped |
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Term
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Definition
-begins when chromosomal movement stops
-identical sets of chromosomes at the opposite poles uncoil and resume their chromatin form
-new nuclear envelope forms around each cluster of chromatin
-nucleoli appear within nuclei
-spindle breaks down and disappears
-cell is binucleate |
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Term
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Definition
-completes cell division into two identical daughter cells
-contractile ring of actin microfilaments forms cleavage furrow and pinches the cell apart |
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