Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| circular shaped skin lesion |
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Term
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Definition
| elevated cavity containing free fluid larger than 1 cm in diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| skin lesions that run together |
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Term
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Definition
| thick, dried-out exudate left on skin when vesicles/pustules burst or dry up |
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Term
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Definition
| dusky blue color to skin or mucous membranes due to increased amount of unoxygenated hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| scooped out, shallow depression in skin |
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Term
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Definition
| intense redness of the skin due to excess blood in dilated superficial capillaries, as in fever or inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| self-inflicted abrasion on skin due to scratching |
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Term
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Definition
| linear crack in skin extending into dermis |
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Term
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Definition
| (boil) suppurative inflammatory skin lesion due to infected hair follicle |
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Term
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Definition
| skin lesion due to benign proliferation of blood vessels in the dermis |
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Term
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Definition
| target shape of skin lesion |
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Term
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Definition
| yellow color to skin, palate, and sclera due to excress bilirubin in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| hypertrophic scar, elevated beyond site of original injury |
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Term
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Definition
| tightly packed set of papules that thickens skin, from prolonged intense scratching |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| softening of tissue by soaking |
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Term
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Definition
| flat skin lesion with only a color change |
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Term
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Definition
| (mole) circumscribed skin lesion due to excess melanocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| elevated skin lesion, > 1 cm diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| excessively pale, whitish-pink color to lightly pigmented skin |
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Term
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Definition
| palpable skin lesion of <1 cm diameter, wart |
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Term
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Definition
| skin lesion in which papules coalesce or come together |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| red-purple skin lesion due to blood in tissues from breaks in blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| elevated cavity containing thick turbid fluid, acne |
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Term
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Definition
| compact dessicated flakes of skin from shedding of dead skin cells |
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Term
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Definition
| skin lesion due to permanently enlarged and dilated blood vessels that are visible. |
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Term
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Definition
| sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue that causes a deep depression on skin, extending into dermis |
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Term
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Definition
| elevated cavity containing free fluid up to 1 cm diameter, chicken pox |
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Term
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Definition
| raised red skin lesion due to interstitial fluid, mesquito bite |
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Term
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Definition
| linear shape of skin lesion along a nerve route |
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Term
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Definition
| in infant's skin: common in hyperpigmentation in black, asian, hispanic |
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Term
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Definition
| lg. round or oval patch of light brown pigmentation; infant |
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Term
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Definition
| common rash, occurs when baby is in a side lying position. lower half turns red and upper half blanches with demark line down midline. infant |
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Term
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Definition
| infant; transient mottling in the trunk and extremities in cooler temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| infant; yellowing of skin sclera and mucous membranes b/c an increase in the number of RBC that hemolyze |
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Term
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Definition
| infant; tiny white papules on cheeks, forehead, nose and chin |
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Term
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Definition
| aging; "liver spots" thickened areas of pigmentation |
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Term
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Definition
| aging; dark greasy and "stuck on" trunk, face, hands. do not become cancerous |
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Term
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Definition
| aging; red, tan scaley plaques that < over the years and become raised and roughed |
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Term
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Definition
| aging (skin tags), overgrowths of normal skin |
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Term
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Definition
| raised yellow papules with a central oppression. |
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Term
| differentiate between petechiae, ecchymosis, hematoma |
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Definition
| P- tiny punctate hemorrhage, 1-3 mm, round and discrete, dark red, purple or brown. caused w/ bleeding in capillaries; E- |
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Term
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Definition
| twisted, coiled, spiral, snakelike |
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Term
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Definition
| resembles iris of eye, concentric rings of color in the lesions |
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Term
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Definition
| annular lesions grow together |
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Term
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Definition
| wheals coalesce to form extensive reaction, intensely pruritic. Hives |
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Term
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Definition
| bruise you can feel. elevates the skin and is seen as swelling. multiple petechiae and purpura may occur on the face when prolonged vigorous crying or coughing raises venous pressure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| bruise you can feel. elevates the skin and is seen as swelling. multiple petechiae and purpura may occur on the face when prolonged vigorous crying or coughing raises venous pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| moist, thin-roofed vesicles within thin, erythematous base. rupture to form thick honey-colored crusts. contagious bacterial infection of skin; most common in infants and children |
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Term
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Definition
| red=purple maculopapular blotchy rash in skin appears on third or fourth day of illness. rash appears first behind ears and spreads over face, then neck, trunk, arms, and legs. looks coppery and does not blanch. |
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Term
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Definition
| chicken pox. small tight vescicles first appear on trunk. then spread to face, arms, legs, shiny vesicles on an erythematous base are comonly described as dew drops. vesicles erupt in suceeding crops over several days, then become pustules and crusts. |
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Term
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Definition
| ringworm. scales- hyperpigmented in whites, depigmented in dark=skinned persons. on chest, abdomen, back of arms forming multiple circular lesions with clear centers. |
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Term
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Definition
| scaly erythematous patch, with silvery scales on top. usually on scalp, outside of elbows and knees, ow back, and angogenital area. |
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Term
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Definition
| shingles, small grouped vescicles emerge along route of cutaneous sensory nerve, then pustules, then crusts. caused by the varicella zoster virus, a reactivation of the dormant virus of chicken pox. acute appearance, commonly on trunk. |
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Term
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Definition
| usually starts as a skin-colored papule (may be deeply pigmented) with a translucent top and overlying telangiectasia. then develops rounded pearly borders with central red ulcer, or looks like large open pore with central yellowing. |
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Term
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Definition
| erythematous scaly patch with sharp margins, 1 cm or more. develops central ulcer and surrounding erythema. usually on hands or head, areas exposed to solar radiation. less common than basal cell carcinoma but grows rapidly. |
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Term
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Definition
| half these lesions arise from preexisting nevi. usually brown; can be tan, black, pink-red, purple, or mixed pigmentation. often irregular or notched borders. may have scaling, flaking, oozing texture. common locations are on the trunk and back in men and women, on the legs in women, and on the palms, soles of feet, and the nails in blacks. |
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Term
| skin lesions associated with AIDS |
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Definition
| epidemic kaposi's sarcoma: patch stage: aggressive form of kaposi's sarcoma- mistaken for bruises or nevi. Epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma: advanced disease: violet-colored tumors over the nose and face. epidemic kaposi's sarcoma: plaque stage- raised papules or thickened plaques. |
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Term
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Definition
| commonly called liver spots, small flat brown macules |
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Term
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Definition
| in aging adult: lesions are raised, thickened areas of pigmentation look crusted, scaly and arty. |
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Term
| moisture of the aging person (xerosis) |
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Definition
| dry skin (xerosis) is common b/c of decline in the size, number, and output of the sweat glands and sebaceous glands. skin itches and looks flaky and loose |
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Term
| texture of the aging adult (acrochordons) |
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Definition
| skin tags, occur frequently on eyelids, cheeks, neck, axilla, trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| with aging, skin looks as thin as parchment and the subcutaneous fat diminishes. thinner skin is evident over the dorsa of the hands |
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Term
| mobility and turgor of the aging adult |
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Definition
| the turgor is decreased (less elasticity) and the skin recedes slowly or "tents" and stands by itself |
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Term
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Definition
| hair growth decreases and amount decreases in the axillae and pubic areas. in females after menopause: may get course hairs on chin or upper lip. men: coarse terminal hairs develop in the ears, nose, and eyebrows. scalp hair turns gray b/c of the decrease in melanocyte function. |
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Term
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Definition
| nail growth decreases and local injuries in the nail matrix may produce ongitudinal ridges. surface: brittle or peeling, yellowed. this leads to an increase risk for fungal infections in toenails. |
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Term
| name the six sets of extraocular muscles and the cranial nerve that innervates each. |
|
Definition
| superior rectus: III Inferior rectus: III, inferior oblique: III, superior oblique: IV Medial rectus: III, Lateral rectus: III |
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Term
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Definition
| palppebral (lines the lids and is clear with many blood vessels Bulbar- overlays the eyeball with white sclera showing through |
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Term
|
Definition
| constant irrigation to keep the conjuctiva and cornea moist and lubricated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Photosensitivity, sometimes referred to as a sun allergy, is an immune system reaction that is triggered by sunlight. Photosensitivity reactions include solar urticaria, chemical photosensitization, and polymorphous light eruption and are usually characterized by an itchy eruption on patches of sun-exposed skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| controls the thickness of the lens and produces clear, water humor |
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Term
| image formed in the retina is _______ |
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Definition
| upside down and reversed from its actual appearance in the outside world |
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Term
| define puillary light reflex, fixation, and accommodation |
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Definition
| normal constriction of the pupils when bright light shines on the retina. the pupil with light constricts as well as the other b/c of consensual light reflex. b/c optic nerve carries sensory afferent message in and then synapses w/ both sides of the brain. accommodation: the ability of eyes to follow a specific object toward the face, and eyes cross. fixation: fixed on an object. |
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Term
| discuss the most common causes of decreased visual function in the older adult |
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Definition
| cataract formation, or lens opacity; glaucoma; macular degeneration. |
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Term
| explain the statement that normal visual acquity is 20/20 |
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Definition
| top number= distance person is seeing from chart= bottom; distance at which a normal person could read that line. |
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Term
| a test for accommodation, the person focuses on a distant object,t hen shifts the gaze to a near object about 6 inch. away. at near distance, you would expect the pupils to ______ and the axes of the eyes to ________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| phoria, tropia w/ reference to malalignment of the axis of eyes |
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Definition
| phoria- mild weakness, noted only when fusion is blocked. tropia- more severe- constant malalignment of the eyes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| purulent discharge cause by chemical irrantant. can be from viral, bacteria, allergy, chem. preauricular lymph node if often swollen and painful |
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Term
| subconjuctival hemorrhage |
|
Definition
| red patch on the sclera, subconjuctival hemorrhage looks alarming, but not usually serious. < intraocular pressure from coughing, sneezing, weight lift. |
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Term
|
Definition
| deep dull red halo around iris and cornea. pupil shape may be irregular. blurred vision and throbbing pain |
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Term
|
Definition
| narrow- angle glaucoma shows a circumcorneal redness around the iris w/ around the iris with dilated pupil. pupil os oval, dilated, cornea looks steamy. |
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Term
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Definition
| appearance of strabismus because of epicanthic folds but is normal for a young child. when the inside parts of the eye skin is larger than normal |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lids are swollen and puffy |
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Term
|
Definition
| protruding eyes. is a forward displacement of the eyeballs and widened papebral fissures. |
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Term
|
Definition
| drooping of upper lid w/ neuromuscular weakness |
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Term
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Definition
| although normal in many children, when combined with epicanthal folds, hypertelorism (lg. spaces b/w eyes) and brushfield spots (light-colored areaas in outer iris) indicated downs syndrom |
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Term
|
Definition
| lower lid is loose and rolling out, does not approximate to eyeball, occurs in aging b/c lack of elastin fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| lower lid rolls in because of spasm of lids or scar tissue contracting. constant rubbing of lashes may irritate cornea |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the eyelids |
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Term
|
Definition
| beady nodule protruding on the lid, it is an infection or retention cyst of a meibomian gland. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the lacrimal sac |
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Term
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Definition
| unequal pupil size, consider CNS disease |
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Term
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Definition
| when light is directed to the blind eye, no response occurs in either eye. when it is directed to the normal eye, both pupils constrict as long as oculomotor nerve is intact |
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Term
| constricted and fixed pupils |
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Definition
| miosis, whith the use of pilocarpine drops for glaucoma treatment |
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Term
|
Definition
| mydriasis, stimulation of SNS |
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Term
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Definition
| no reaction to light, pupil does constrict w/ accommodation. small and irregular bilaterally. occurs w/ CNS syphilis, brain tumor, chronic alcoholism |
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Term
|
Definition
| sluggish reaction to light and accomodation. tonic pupils is usually unilateral. |
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Term
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Definition
| unilateral dilated pupil with no reaction to light or accommodation, occurs w/ oculomotor nerve damage. may also have ptosis w/ eye deviating down and laterally |
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Term
|
Definition
| unilateral, small, regular pupil does react to light and accommodation. occurs w/ norner's syndrome, a lesion of the sympathetic nerve. also note ptosis and absense of sweat on same side |
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Term
|
Definition
| assymetry, borders, color, diameter, elevated |
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Term
|
Definition
| circumcorneal redness: deep dull red halo around the iris and cornea. red is around iris, instead of prominent at the periphery as in conjuctivitis |
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Term
|
Definition
| acute, narrow angle glaucoma shows a circumcorneal redness around the iris, with a dilated pupil. pupil is oval, dilated; cornea looks "steamy" and the anterior chamber is shallow |
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Term
|
Definition
| trianglular opaque wing of bulbar conjuctiva overgrows toward the center of the cornea. looks membranous, translucent, and yellow to white, usually invades from nasal side. from being in hot climate for long periods of time |
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Term
|
Definition
| result of blunt eye injury but irregular ridges usually visible only when flourescein stain reveals yellow-green branching. top layer of cornea removed from scratching. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the iris is pushed anteriorly b/c of increased intraocular pressure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| blood in anterior chamber is a serious result of trauma or spontaneous hemorrhage |
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Term
|
Definition
| purulent matter in anterior chamber occurs with iritis and with inflammation. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| optic atrophy is a white or gray color of the disk as a result of partial or complete death of the optic nerve. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| increased intracranial pressure causes venous stasis in the globe, showing redness, congestion, and elevation of the disk. |
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|
Term
| narrowed (attenuated) arteries |
|
Definition
| this is a generalized decrease in diameter. the light reflex also narrows. occurs with hypertension |
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Term
|
Definition
| microaneurysms: microaneurysms are round puctate red dots that are localized dilatations of a small vessel. their edges are smooth and discrete. the vessel itself is too small to view with the opthalmoscope; only the associated red dots are seen. this occurs with diabetes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| place snellen chart in well lit spot at eye level. position person on a mark exactly 20 feet from the chart. leave eyeglasses or contact lenses on. top represents your distance from the chart, and the bottom represents how far away someone with normal vision could still see it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| presbyopia: the decrease in power of accommodation with aging |
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Term
|
Definition
| assesses the alignment of the eye axes by shinging a light toward the person's eye. direct the perdon to stare straight ahead as you hold the light about 30 cm away. note the reflection of the light on the corneas, it should be exactly the same. |
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|
Term
| six cardinal fields of gaze |
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Definition
| will elicit any muscle weakness during movement. |
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|
Term
| six cardinal fields of gaze: note any nystagmus = |
|
Definition
| nystagmus = a fine oscillating movement best seen around the iris. |
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Term
|
Definition
| caused by the reflection of your opthalmoscope light off the inner retina. keep sight of the red reflex, and steadily move closer to the eye. |
|
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Term
| myopia, what's used to correct it? |
|
Definition
| nearsighted; use a caved in shaped lense |
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|
Term
| hyperopia: how do we correct it? |
|
Definition
| farsighted: with a oval shaped lens. |
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|
Term
| in the optic disc, which are brighter veins or arteries? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 functions of the middle ear? |
|
Definition
| 1. conducts sound vibrations from the outer ear to the central hearing apparatus in the inner ear. 2. protects the inner ear by reducing the amplitude of loud sounds 3. eustachian tube allows equalization of air pressure on each side of the tympanic membrane so that the membrane doesn't rupture. |
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|
Term
| the inner ear contains the _____ _______, which holds the sensory organs for equilibrium and hearing. within the ______ are the ____ and _____ as well as the __________ |
|
Definition
| bony labyrinth, vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea. |
|
|
Term
| the auditory system can be divided into three levels: |
|
Definition
| peripheral, brainstem, and cerebral cortex |
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Term
| peripheral level of hearing |
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Definition
| the ear transmits sound and converts its vibrations into electrical impulses which are analyzed by the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pitch, number of cycles per second |
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|
Term
| basilar membrane, what are the numerous fibers along the membrane called? |
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Definition
| inside the cochlea, vibrates at the point of specific to the frequency of the sound. organ of corti, sensory organ of hearing |
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|
Term
| function at the brainstem level is binaural interaction which permits what? whats the hearing nerve? |
|
Definition
| locating the direction of a sound in space as well as identifying the sound. CN VIII |
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Term
|
Definition
| hearing loss of a mechanical dysfunction of the external or middle ear |
|
|
Term
| sensorineural or perceptive loss |
|
Definition
| signifies pathology of the inner ear, CN VII or the auditory areas of the cerebral cortex. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a type of hearing loss with aging |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| middle ear infection, occurs b/c of the blocking of the eustachian tube. |
|
|
Term
| inspect size and shape of ear: |
|
Definition
| ears of equal size bilaterally with no swelling or thickening. ears of unequal shape: microtia < 4 cm, macrotia > 10 cm. |
|
|
Term
| skin condition of the ear |
|
Definition
| skin color should be consistent with face color. skin is intact. Darwin's tubercle, a small painless nodule at the helix. congenital varian and is not significant |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| move the pinna and push on the tragus. they should feel firm, and movement should produce no pain. palpating the mastoid process should also produce no pain. |
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|
Term
| the external auditory meatus |
|
Definition
| note the size of the opening to direct your choice of speculum for the otoscope. no swelling, redness, or discharge should be present. some cerumen is usually present. color varies from gray yellow to light brown and black, and the texture varies from moist and waxy to dry and desicated. lg. amount of cerumen obscures visualization of the canal and drum. |
|
|
Term
| atresia, otitis media, impacted cerumen |
|
Definition
| absense or closure of the ear canal, a sticky yellow discharge accompanies otitis externa or may indicate otitis media if the drum is ruptured, impacted cerumen is a common cause of conductive hearing loss |
|
|
Term
| pull pinna ___ and ___ on an adult and ____ and ___ on a child |
|
Definition
| up and back, down and out. |
|
|
Term
| external canal inspection |
|
Definition
| note any redness and swelling, lesions, foreign bodies, or discharge. if any discharge is present, note color and odor. Redness: otitis external. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suggests otitis exterma or otitis media if the drum has ruptured |
|
|
Term
| frank blood or clear water drainage CSF after trauma, in ear suggests |
|
Definition
| basal skull fracture and warrants immediate referral. CSF feels oily and is positive for glucose on TesTape. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| test one ear at a time while masking hearing in the other ear to prevent sound transmission around the head. this is done by blacing one finger on the targus and pushing it in and out. with your head 30-60 cm (1-2 ft) from the person's ear, whisper slowly some two-syllable words. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| valuable when a person reports hearing better with one ear than the other. place a vibrating tuning fork in the midline of the person's skull and ask whether the tone sounds the same in both ears or better in one. the person should hear the tone by bone conduction through the skull. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| compares air conduction and bone conduction sound. place stem of vibrating tuning fork on the persons mastoid process. AC>BC. 2:1 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| assesses the ability of the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear to help maintain standing balance. b/c the romberg test also assess intactness of the cerebellum and proprioception. |
|
|
Term
| normal alignment of the ear = ___ degrees |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you test hearing acuity in a newborn? |
|
Definition
| clap, make a loud noise. newborn should blink acoustically, 3-4 months: acoustic blink reflex, infant stops movement and appeas to listen. 6-8 months: infant turns head to localize sound, responds to own name. |
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|
Term
| each naris opens into the _____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is between the two nairs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lateral outside wing of the nose on either side |
|
|
Term
| the nasal hairs filter what? the mucous blanket filters what? |
|
Definition
| coarsest matter from inhaled air, bacteria and dust |
|
|
Term
| why does the nasal mucosa appear to be redder than the oral mucosa? |
|
Definition
| b/c of the rich blood supply present to warm the air. |
|
|
Term
| the nasal cavity is divided into two by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the lateral walls of each nasal cavity contain three parallel bony projections- the superior, middle, and inferior ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| underlying each turbinate is a cleft, the ____, the sinuses drain into the the middle ___ and tears from the nasolacrimal duct drain into the inferior ____ |
|
Definition
| meatus, middle meatus, inferior meatus |
|
|
Term
| the olfactory receptors lie where? CN___ which transmits to the _____ lobe of the brain |
|
Definition
| roof of the nasal cavity in the upper 1/3 of the septum, Nerve I, termporal. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| air-filled pockets within the cranium. they communicate with the nasal cavity and are lined with the same type of ciliated mucous membrane. they lighten the weight of the skull bones, serve as resonators for sound production and provide mucus. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| frontal, ethmoid (behind eyes, superior part of nose), maxillary, sphenoid (deep sinuses within the skull in the sphenoid bone. |
|
|
Term
| anterior ____ palate and posterior _____ palate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the largest salivary gands, lies within the cheeks in front of the ear extending from the zygomatic arch down to the angle of the jaw. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| size of a walnut. lies beneath the mandible at the angle of the jaw. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| lies within the floor of the mouth under the tongue. has many small openings along the sublingual fold under the tongue |
|
|
Term
| adults have ____ permenant teeth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the oral cavity, the soft tissues atrophy and the epithelium things, especially in the cheek and tongue. this results in loss of ____ ____ with a ____% loss of taste |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition in which the uvula is split either completely or partially, occurs in 18% of Native american and 10% of asians. |
|
|
Term
| cherry red lips is indicitave of what? |
|
Definition
| carbon monoxide poisining, acidosis from aspirin poisening, or ketoacidosis. |
|
|
Term
| check the tongue for ____, _____, and _____ |
|
Definition
| color, surface and moisture |
|
|
Term
| enlarged tongue occurs with _____, _____, _____, a small tongue accompanies ______. dry tongue accompanies _____, with deep vertical ____. |
|
Definition
| mental retardation, acromegaly, hypothyroidism. malnutrition. dehydration, fissures. |
|
|
Term
| saliva is decreased while the person is taking ____ , excess saliva and drooling occur with _____ and _____ |
|
Definition
| anticholinergic meds, gingivostomatitis and neurologic disfunction. |
|
|
Term
| where are oral malignancies most likely to develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| any lesion or ulcer persisting for more than ___ ____ must be investigated. an indurated area may be a mass or ______ and must be investigated |
|
Definition
| 2 weeks, lyymphadenopathy. |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| visible, halfway between tonsillar pillars and uvula, touching the uvula, touching eachother. |
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Term
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Definition
| thrush: white patches that occur in newborns and can be after the use of antibiotics, corticosteriods, and immunosuppressed patients. |
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