Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| process or function of living organisms |
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Term
| Whats the order of living matter? |
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Definition
| Molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms |
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Term
| 5 Characteristics of live: |
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Definition
1. Organization
2. Metabolism
3. Responsiveness
4. Growth
5. Reproduction |
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Term
| 9 things that organisms need to survive: |
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Definition
1. Nutrients
2. Oxygen
3. Water
4. Body temperature
5. Atmospheric pressure
6. Homeostasis
7. Maintenance of a constant environment
8. Set point - temp, pH, energetics, BP.
9. Range - response variation from set point |
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Term
| With regards to homeostasis, what is the primary means of set point control? |
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Definition
| Negative feedback - Response time indicative of physiologic health. If something in your body is out of wack, negative feedback brings it back to homeostasis. |
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Term
| What is positive feedback? |
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Definition
Derivation from set point is continued. When sometimes it is necessary to not bring body back to homeostasis.
-Orgasm
-Blood loss
-Pregnancy
-Lactation |
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Term
| What is normal blood pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the 5 functions of the cell: |
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Definition
1. Basic unit of life - retains life characteristics
2. Protection and support
3. Movement, locomotion
4. Communication -intercellular/intracellular
5. Cell metabolism, energy |
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Term
| List some things about the cell membrane of a cell: |
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Definition
Plasma membrane - phospholipid bilayer
- Polar (hydrophilic) head (water loving)
-Non-polar (hydrophobic) tail (water hating) |
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Term
| What do tight junctions do? |
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Definition
| Help to hold the apical surface of cells together which keeps bacteria from getting through the cell walls |
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Term
| Gap junctions serve what purpose? |
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Definition
| (connecxons) - a screen between rooms. Have pores that filter out what comes through. |
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Term
| List the 4 methods of transportation for the cell? |
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Definition
1. Diffusion - concentration gradient, osmosis
2. Ion channels - size, shape charge
3. Carrier molecules - carrier mediated transport, proteins
4. Vesicles |
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Term
| What is the fluid mosaic model? |
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Definition
The plasma membrane is described to be fluid because of its hydrophobic integral components such as lipids and membrane proteins that move laterally or sideways throughout the membrane. That means the membrane is not solid, but more like a 'fluid'.
The membrane is depicted as mosaic because like a mosaic that is made up of many different parts the plasma membrane is composed of different kinds of macromolecules, such as integral proteins, peripheral proteins, glycoproteins, phospholipids, glycolipids, and in some cases cholesterol, lipoproteins.
According to the model, the plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer (interspersed with proteins). It is so because of its phospholipid component that can fold in itself creating a double layer - or bilayer - when placed in a polar surrounding, like water. This structural feature of the membrane is essential to its functions, such as cellular transport and cell recognition. |
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Term
| What are integral proteins? |
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Definition
| Passes all the way through the membrane |
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Term
| What helps the cell membrane stiffen? |
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Definition
| saturated fatty acids and cholesterol |
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Term
| Whats the job of a pheripheral protein? |
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Definition
| affiliated with inner and outer layers of the phospholipid bilayer. Holds proteins together. |
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Term
| What do linker proteins do? |
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Definition
| Give strength to the cell |
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Term
| What are the different types of movement which involve carrier molecules? Explain them: |
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Definition
1. Facilitated diffusion - high to low concentration (helped by a protein carrier)
2. Active Transport - carrier mediated low to high concentration, energy requiring
3. Secondary active transport - Uses concentration gradient to promote transport via transport proteins. (Co-transport vs. counter transport) |
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Term
| What is co-transport? Counter-transport? |
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Definition
Co-transport = symport
Counter-transport = antiport |
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Term
| What are vesicles and how to the aid in cellular mobilization? |
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Definition
| Vesicles are membrane pouches which through endocytosis, they move stuff into the cell and through exocytosis they secrete or push stuff out of the cell. |
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Term
| What is isotonic? Hypertonic? Hypotonic? |
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Definition
Isotonic - has the same salt concentration as its surrounds fluid (blood)
Hypertonic - Higher salt concentration outside of the cell than inside the cell so the cell pushes water out.
Hypotonic - salt concentration is higher inside the cell so the cell swells trying to allow water to come in |
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Term
| In a phospholipid bilayer, what is unique about the head and the tail? |
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Definition
The polar head is hydrophilic or water loving
and the fatty acid tail is hydrophobic or water hating |
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Term
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Definition
| Pores which only allow water to pass into and out of the cell. |
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Term
| What is simple diffusion? |
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Definition
| solutes move directly through the phospholipid bilayer without any help |
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Term
| What is carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion? |
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Definition
| solutes move through the membrane via protein carrier specific for one chemical; binding of substrate causes shape change in transport protein. |
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Term
| What is channel-mediated facilitated diffusion? |
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Definition
| solutes move through the membrane through a channel protein; mostly ions selected on basis of size and charge. |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion through a specific channel protein (aquaporin) or through the lipid bilayer. |
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Term
| What is a primary example of active transport? |
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Definition
| Sodium potassium pump. It moves sodium ions out of the cell and moves potassium ions into the cell. powered by ATP. Usually occurs in excitable cells such as cardiac, nerve, or skeletal cells. |
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Term
| What is endocytosis and exocytosis? how is clathrin involved? |
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Definition
endocytosis is receptor mediated (ingested/taken into the cell)
exocytosis is secretion (pushed out of the cell)
clathrin protin just closes off plasma membrane and closes in the vesicle. |
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Term
| Whats up with the nucleus? |
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Definition
DNA/ the brains of the cell
Doubled layer nuclear envelope
Nucleolus, pores make proteins (ordering catalog) |
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Term
| Barrel proteins are also know as what and what do they do? |
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Definition
| Histones - they are used to manage the DNA (roll them up) |
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Term
| What do the ribosomes do? |
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Definition
| Organelles where proteins are produced |
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Term
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Definition
| Sites of protein production via attached ribosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
Rough ER - protein assembly
Smooth ER - where lipids are assembled |
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Term
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Definition
Packaging, modification of proteins, etc.
-secrete contents in membrane bound vesicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combine intra-extracellular contents, processing, digestion, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP energy production (wallet of the cell). Power house of the cell and a lot of the brains of the cell. Provide the energy to make stuff happen. Enzymes on the inner membrane of the mitochondria is what creates the enrgy |
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Term
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Definition
Protein framework (proteins allow the cell to stretch)
-actin filaments
-Microtubules - attach centrioles. Used to line the outer cell membrane which is like the cilia in our airway. |
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Term
| What is transcription? Translation? |
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Definition
Transcription is the unfolding of the small stretch of DNA and making a copy of it (mRNA)
Translation is making the mRNA into something |
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Term
| What is an allosteric site? |
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Definition
| where the first enzyme is allosterically regulated. The allosteric side does not allow the assembly line to start so therefore does not waste any substrate. Can't use half way made substrates. |
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Term
| What are some factors the influence chemical reactions rates? How do they each affect reaction rates? |
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Definition
1. Temperature - often 98.6 F, but higher temps = reaction acceleration
2. Concentration - reactants in high concentration. Promotes more reactions
3. Particle size - smaller particles react faster
4. Catalyst - enzymes! |
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Term
| pH of the body is about what? |
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Definition
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Term
Aerobically, how many ATP can you produce?
How about anaerobically? |
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Definition
Aerobically = 40 ATP
Anaerobically = 4 ATP |
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Term
| What is the coin of the cell? |
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Definition
| ATP - Adenosine triphosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| Taking the food you eat and converting it to energy. |
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Term
| How much energy can you get from Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins? |
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Definition
Carboyhydrates - glycolysis - approx. 4 Kcal/gram
Fat - oxidative phosphorylation - approx. 9 Kcal/gram
Protein - deamination - approx. 4 Kcal/gram |
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Term
| what are the 4 basic types of tissue? |
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Definition
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscular
4. Nervous |
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Term
| Epithelial Tissue Location and functions: |
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Definition
Located on the lining of cavities, found on surface of body
Functions
1. protection - underlying structures
2. Secretion - eg. sweat glands
3. Abosorption - eg. Digestion
4. Barrier - filter
5. Passage of substance - eg. Gas diffusion |
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Term
| Epithelial Tissue General characteristics: |
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Definition
Little extracellular material between them
Free surface - not in contact with other cells - very thin
Avascular - nourished via contact diffusion
Regeneration - High regenerative capacity
Basement membrane - interface between epethelia and underlying tissue - filter, structural, barrier |
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Term
| Epithelial Tissue General characteristics: |
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Definition
Little extracellular material between them
Free surface - not in contact with other cells - very thin
Avascular - nourished via contact diffusion
Regeneration - High regenerative capacity
Basement membrane - interface between epethelia and underlying tissue - filter, structural, barrier |
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Term
| Simple Squamous epithelium function and where would be found where? |
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Definition
function - Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important. Also secretes.
Found in air sacs of lung, lining of heart, blood vessels. |
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Term
| Simple cuboidal epithelium has what function and is found where? |
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Definition
function - secretion and absorption
found - kidney tubules |
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Term
| Simple columnar epithelium function and found where? |
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Definition
function - absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances
found - lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal) |
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Term
| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium? |
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Definition
Function - secretion of mucus
Found - lines the trachea |
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Term
| Stratified squamous epithelium? |
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Definition
Function - protects underlying tissues in ares subjected to abrasion
Found - forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina. |
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Term
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Definition
Function - stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine
Found - Lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra |
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Term
Fibroblast -> ?
Chondroblast -> ?
Osteoblast -> ?
Hematopoietic stem cell -> ? |
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Definition
Fibroblast -> Connective tissue
Chondroblast -> Cartilage
Osteoblast - Osseous (bone)
Hematopoietic stem cell -> Blood |
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Term
| What are glands? and what are the 3 types of them? |
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Definition
Glands are multi-cellular and they secrete to surface/cavity
1. Exocrine - gland with duct (uni/multicellular)
2. Merocrine - secrete via exocytosis (pancreas, sweat, saliva)
3. Holocrine - secrete via rupture (sebaceous) |
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Term
| Loose connective tissue, areolar? |
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Definition
Function - wraps and cushions organs
Found - forms lamina propria of mucous membranes |
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Term
| Loose connective tissue, adipose? |
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Definition
Function - provides reserve food fuel
Found - under skin, in breasts! |
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Term
| Loose connective tissue, reticular? |
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Definition
Function - fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types.
Found - Lymphoid organs (Spleen) |
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Term
| Dense connective tissue, dense regular? |
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Definition
Function - attaches muscles to bones or to muscles
Found - tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses |
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Term
| Dense connective tissue, dense irregular? |
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Definition
Function - Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength
Found - Dermis of the skin, fibrous joint capsules of organs |
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Term
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Definition
Function - Supports and reinforces
Found - Costal cartilage of the ribs |
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Term
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Definition
Function - maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
Found - Ear |
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Term
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Definition
Function - Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
Found - Intervertebral discs |
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Term
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Definition
Function - Supports and protects
Found - Bones |
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Term
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Definition
Functions - Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances
Found - within the blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
Functions - transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors which control their activity
Found - Brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
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Term
| Skeletal muscle? What causes this muscle to be striated? |
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Definition
Functions - Voluntary movement
Found - skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally skin
Striations occur due to overlapping of actin and myosin in random spots. |
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Term
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Definition
Function - As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation.
Found - In the walls of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
Function - Propels substance or objects (food) along internal passageways.
Found - Mostly in the walls of hollow organs |
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Term
| What is cutaneous membrane? Mucous membrane? and Serous membrane? |
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Definition
Cutaneous membrane is the skin
Mucous membrane is the mucosa throughout the body - nasal cavity, mouth, esophagus, bronchi.
Serous membranes - Peritoneum, pericardium, and pleura |
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Term
| What are the 4 functions of connective tissue? |
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Definition
1. binding and support
2. protection
3. insulation
4. transportation |
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Term
| 3 main elements of connective tissue? |
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Definition
1. Ground substance - unstructured, fills space between cells (interstitial tissue)
2. Fibers - fine branching fibers, support network
3. Cells - fibroblast, chondroblast, hematopoitic stem cell, and osteoblast |
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Term
| 3 fibers of connective tissue? |
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Definition
1. Collagen fibers - rope like fibers
2. Reticular fibers - fine braning fibers, support network (basement membrane)
3. Elastic fibers - resemble coiled metal springs, stretchable (elastin) |
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Term
| Definition of immunity? how is this done? |
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Definition
Resist foreign invaders. Process involves inflammation
Mediators include - histamines, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotriends - these all signal inflammation process |
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Term
| What is the inflammation process? |
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Definition
| Edema (swelling), segregation of injured and non-injured area, cell death, remodeling, collateral damage. |
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Term
| What is regeneration? Replacement? |
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Definition
Regeneration - new cells of same type
Replacement - new tissue type
-Scar |
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Term
| Free surface considerations: |
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Definition
1. smooth - eg. blood vessels
2. Microvilli - cylindrical extensions increase surface area
3. Cilia - propel material
4. Goblet - intermixed with cilia to secrete. |
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