Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Anatomy Ch.1-4
apk2100c
147
Science
Undergraduate 1
09/05/2011

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the hierarchy of structural organization?
Definition
chemical level,cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, and organismal level
Term
what are the 4 types of tissues?
Definition
1)epithelial 2)connective tissue 3)muscle 4)nervous
Term
what are the 12 organ systems?
Definition
integumentary (skin), skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
Term
integumentary system
Definition
external body covering (skin, hair, nails), protects tissue from injury
Term
skeletal system
Definition
protects and supports body organs and frames the muscle for movement
Term
muscular system
Definition
manipulation of environment, locomotion, and facial expression, posture
Term
nervous system
Definition
fast-acting control sysetm of internal and external changes
Term
endocrine system
Definition
secret hormones for growth, reproduction, and metabolism
Term
cardiovascular system
Definition
blood vessels transport blood which carry oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes. Heart pumps blood.
Term
lymphatic system/immunity
Definition
picks up fluid from blood vessels and returns to blood, disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. houses (lymphocytes) for immunity.
Term
respiratory system
Definition
keeps blood constant with oxygen and removes CO2.
Term
digestive system
Definition
breaks down food into units to distribute to body cells.
Term
urinary system
Definition
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body
Term
Reproductive system
Definition
function: production of offspring. testes produce sperm and MSH. Ovaries produces eggs and FSH.
Term
anatomical position
Definition
a common visual reference point
Term
axial region
Definition
main axis of body: head, neck trunk. Trunk includes thorax (chest), abdomen, pelvis, perineum
Term
appendicular region
Definition
limbs (appendages)
Term
frontal (coronal) plane
Definition
splits into anterior and superior
Term
transverse (horizontal)
Definition
superior and inferior
Term
saggital planes
Definition
splits right and left ex: midsagittal plane
Term
saggital planes
Definition
splits right and left ex: midsagittal plane. other lines are parasagittal
Term
superior (cranial)
Definition
above, upper part
Term
inferior (caudal)
Definition
below, lower part of body
Term
anterior (ventral)
Definition
front of body, in front of
Term
posterior (dorsal)
Definition
back of body; behind
Term
medial
Definition
toward midline of body, inner side of
Term
lateral
Definition
away from the midline, on the outerside of
Term
proximal
Definition
closer of the origin of the body
Term
distal
Definition
farther from the origin of a body part
Term
superficial (external)
Definition
toward or at the body surface
Term
deep
Definition
more internal; away from the body surface
Term
ipsilateral
Definition
on same side
Term
contralateral
Definition
on opposite sides
Term
what are the two large cavities?
Definition
dorsal and ventral cavities
Term
what does dorsal body cavity consist of?
Definition
cranial cavity and vertebral cavity.
Term
cranial cavity
Definition
lies in skull and contains brain
Term
vertebral cavity
Definition
encloses spinal cord
Term
what does ventral body cavity consist of?
Definition
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Term
what does ventral body cavity consist of?
Definition
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Term
visceral organs (viscera)
Definition
lungs, heart, intestines, and kidneys
Term
thoracic cavity
Definition
surrounded by ribs and muscles of chest wall, has three parts (contains heart and lungs)
Term
what does thoracic cavity consist of?
Definition
two lateral parts (each containing a lung surrounded by pleural cavity), a central band of organs called mediastinum
Term
what is mediastinum?
Definition
contains heart surrounded by pericardial cavity and has a superior mediastinum
Term
abdominopelvic cavity
Definition
surrpuned by abdominal wall and pelvic griddle
Term
what separates thoracic and abdominal cavities?
Definition
the diaphragm (muscle)
Term
abdominal cavity
Definition
contains liver, stomach, kidneys, digestive viscera
Term
pelvic cavity
Definition
bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.
Term
what are most organs surrounded by in abdominopelvic cavity?
Definition
peritoneal cavity.
Term
serous cavities
Definition
pleural cavity (around lung), pericardinal cavity (around heart), peritoneal vacity (in abdominopelvic)
Term
what are serous cavities lined by?
Definition
serous membranes or serosa
Term
what are serous membranes named?
Definition
pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
Term
parietal serosa
Definition
part of serosa that forms outer wall of cavity
Term
visceral serosa
Definition
covers visceral serosa
Term
serous fluid
Definition
secreted by both serous m, watery
Term
serous fluid
Definition
secreted by both serous m, watery
Term
what are the functions of a cell?
Definition
obtain nutrients and substances
use them to make molecules
dispose of wastes
maintain shape and integrity
replicate themselves
Term
organelles
Definition
cell's subunits which carries out most of its functions
Term
what are the 3 main parts of the human cell?
Definition
plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
outer cell membrane, thin flexible layer that separates body's fluid compartments
Term
intracellular fluid
Definition
fluid within cells
Term
extracellular fluid
Definition
fluid outside and between cells
Term
what depicts the structure of a plasma membrane?
Definition
fluid mosaic model which is a double layer or bilayer of lipid molecules with protein molecules.
Term
what are the most abundant lipids in the plasma membrane?
Definition
phospholipids (charged polar head and an uncharged nonpolar tail made of 2 chains of fatty acids)
Term
glycolipids
Definition
sugar fats
Term
proteins make up about ___ of plasma membrane
Definition
half
Term
what are the two distinct types of proteins?
Definition
integral proteins and peripheral proteins
Term
integral proteins
Definition
firmly embedded in or strongly attached to the lipid bilayer
Term
peripheral proteins
Definition
not embedded in plasma membrane at all, attached loosely to the membrane surface and also makes a network of filaments that helps support the membrane
Term
glycocalyx
Definition
external cell surface, cell coat, contributed by glycolipids
Term
what are the functions of the plasma membrane?
Definition
1. protective barrier
2. membrane proteins (receptors) are body's cellular communication system
3. selectively permeable
Term
simple diffusion
Definition
passage of small, uncharged molecules, moving down their concentration gradient from more concentration to less concentration
Term
osmosis
Definition
diffusion of water across a membrane (through lipid bilayer)
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
diffusing through the plasma membrane by moving through a specific integral protein
Term
active transport
Definition
requires use of energy, moving against concentration gradient
Term
active transport
Definition
requires use of energy, moving against concentration gradient
Term
vesicular or bulk transport
Definition
passage of large molecules and particles
Term
what are two types of bulk transport?
Definition
exocytosis and endocytosis
Term
endocytosis
Definition
mechanism by which large particles and macromolecules enter cells
Term
what are three types of endocytosis?
Definition
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
cell eating, psudopods engulf cellular debris and form phagosome
Term
phagosome
Definition
membranous vesicle formed by engulfing
Term
what does phagosomes do?
Definition
fuse with lysosomes that break down contents of phagosomes.
Term
pinocytosis
Definition
cell drinking, p.m surround ecf
Term
vesicle
Definition
membrane-walled sac that has fluid
Term
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Definition
selective transport process, bind to specific receptors on CM and is brought into the cell
Term
exocytosis
Definition
mechanism by which substances move from the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell. first substance is enclosed in vesicle in cytoplasm, then fuse with v and t snares, fuse with plsma membrane opening a pore and then vesicle content are released into the cell exterior
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
cell forming material - internal to PM and external to nucleus. most cell activities carried out here.
Term
what are three major elements of the cytoplasm?
Definition
cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
Term
cytosol
Definition
jellylike fluid containing substance, consists of water, ions, and many enzymes.
Term
what is the difference between organelles and PM?
Definition
similar in composition by lack glycocalyx
Term
ribosomes
Definition
assembly line, producing proteins, dark stained, not surrounded by membrane, constructed of proteins plus ribosomal RNA. Site of protein synthesis
Term
translation
Definition
amino acids linked together to form protein molecules
Term
messenger rna
Definition
carries instructions to ribosomes
Term
free ribosomes
Definition
float freely within cytosol
Term
endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
network within the cytoplasm. extensive system of membrane-walled envelopes through cytoplasm. more than half of membranous surfaces
Term
rough ER
Definition
consists of stacked envelopes. ribsomes attach here when protein is being made. functions: its ribsomes makes all proteins, gland cells secret a large amount of protein, makes digestive enzymes integral proteins and phospholipids. "membrane factory"
Term
cisternae
Definition
stacked envelopes
Term
smooth ER
Definition
tubules in a branching network, no ribosomes, not a site for protein synthesis, but it makes or breaks down fats, also stores calcium ions.
Term
golgi apparatus
Definition
stack of 3 to 10 discshaped envelopes, bound by a membrane. moves from cis to trans face. packaging and shipping division.
Term
cis face
Definition
receives spherical membrane transport vesicles from the rough ER
Term
what are steps btw ER and golgi?
Definition
1. pinch off er and fuse with golgi membranes
2. proteins modified in golgi
3. packaged w/i different vesicle types, depending on destination
Term
trans face
Definition
new vesicles bud off a trans face to leave apparatus
Term
secretory vesicles
Definition
release their contents to cell's exterior by exocytosis
Term
lysosomes
Definition
spherical, membrane walled sac containing digestive enzymes. break spart and digest unwanted substances
Term
mitochondria
Definition
power plant, produce energy for cellular function, bean shaped but microscopically threadlike. enclosed by 2 membrane: outer membrane (smooth and featureless) and inner membrane (folds inward to form cristae)
Term
cristae
Definition
shelflike in mitochondria - part of inner membrane
Term
matrix
Definition
cristae protrudes into matrix (jellylike substance within the mitochondrion)
Term
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Definition
mitocondria release the energy in chemical bonds and transfer to produce ATP.
ATP - high energy molecules that cells use to power chemical reaction
1.starts in matrix (citric acid cycle)
2. complete in cristae (oxidative phopho)
- also contain some DNA
Term
peroxisomes
Definition
toxic waste removal system. membrane-walled sacs (oxidase and catalases)
Term
free radicals
Definition
oxidases use oxygen to neutralize aggressively reactive molecules (free radiicals), converting them to hydrogen peroxide. normal by-products of cellular metabolism
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
cell skeleton - elaborate network of rods running through the cytosol. supporting cellular structures and various cell movements. 3 types of rods
Term
what are the three types of rods in cytoskeleton?
Definition
1. microfilaments
2. intermediate filaments
3. microtubules
Term
microfilaments
Definition
thinnest elements, strands of spherical protein actin
Term
actin filaments
Definition
strands in microfilamnets, layer under PM
Term
myosin
Definition
actin filaments interact with this to generate contractile forces within the cel..
Term
intermediate filaments
Definition
tough, insoluble protein fibers, most stable and permanent, link adjacent cells by attaching to desmosomes
Term
microtubules
Definition
largest diameter, hollow tubes of tubulins, stiff but bendable, radiate near nucleus in cytoplasm
Term
centrosome
Definition
center body (region of microtubules), spherical structure near in cytoplasm near nucleus, no membranes, has centrosome matrix and centrioles
Term
centrosome matrix
Definition
outer cloud of protein in centrosome, seeds the growth and elongation of microtubules (radiates a mitotic spindle)
Term
centrioles
Definition
inner pair in centrosome, act in forming cilia and flagella
Term
lipid droplets
Definition
spherical drops of store fat, looks like lysosomes, lack membrane
Term
glycosomes
Definition
store sugar in form of glycogen, which is a long branching chain of glucose molecules (the cell's main energy source)
Term
nucleus
Definition
control center of the cell, largest organelle,
Term
deoxyribonucleic acid
Definition
directs cel's activities, gives instructions for protein synthesis
Term
nuclear envelope
Definition
2 parallel membranes separated by a fluid-filled space. outside it is rough er with ribosomes. encloses jelly like fluid called nucleoplasm
Term
nuclear lamina
Definition
maintains shape of the nucleus
Term
nuclear pores
Definition
penetrate the fused regions. bracelet shaped. allow large molecules to pass in and out of nucleus
Term
nucleolus
Definition
dark-staining body in the cell nucleus. ribosome-producing and assembling machine. leave the nucleus through pores into cytoplasm
Term
what is the double helix composed of?
Definition
4 subunits called nucleotides and each has distinct base thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine to hold helix together
Term
chromatin
Definition
the dna molecule plus the proteins
Term
histones
Definition
disc shaped protein molecules. each 2 turns of dna has 8 of these
Term
extended chromatin
Definition
chromatin in the nucleosome, synthesizes activites in cell
Term
condensed chromatin
Definition
thick fiber of chromatin after coiling, inactive
Term
transcription
Definition
dna's genetic code is copied onto messenger rna molecules in extended chromatin
Term
chromosome
Definition
contains single, long molecule of dna
Term
apoptosis
Definition
programmed cell death. eliminates cells that are stressed, unnedded, excessive, aged.
Term
dysplasia
Definition
a change in cell size, shape, or arrangement due to long-term irritation or inflammation
Term
hyperplasia
Definition
excessive cell proliferation, retain normal form and arrangement within tissues. increase in number not size
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
growth of an organs or tissue due to an increase in size of its cells. normal response of skeletal muscle cells to excersize.
Term
necros
osis
Definition
death
process, condition
Term
necrosis
Definition
death of a cell or group of cell to injury or disease. accidental, uncontrolled cell death. injury causes cell to swell and burst (inflammatory response)
Term
inclusions
Definition
temp structures in cytoplasm in a cell type
Term
multinucleate
Definition
many nucleuses
Term
anucleate
Definition
no nucleus
Term
what are the main parts of the nucleus?
Definition
nuclear envelope, nucleolus, and chromatin and chromosomes.
Term
process of double helix of dna?
Definition
1. packaged wit protein molecules and coiled in strands
2. coiling of nucleosomes forming a tight helical fiber
3. thick fibers called condensed chromatin
4. packed into chromatid of a chromosome
Term
nucleosomes
Definition
cluster of dna and histones
Supporting users have an ad free experience!