Term
| Afferent division of the nervous system consists of... |
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Definition
| sensory receptors, sensory neurons and sensory pathways |
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Term
| efferent division of the nervous system consists of... |
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Definition
| nuclei, motor tracts, motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that monitor specific conditions in the body or external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| receptor that is always active |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits nuclei along a sensory pathway and reduces the awareness of a stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| sense the external envoiornment |
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Term
| location for a chemo receptor |
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Definition
| carotid bodies and aortic bodies and they monitor the pH, carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the blood. |
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Term
| posterior column pathways carry the sensation of _______. |
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Definition
| fine touch, vibration, and conscious proprioception to the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| crossing of an axon from left to right or right to left. |
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Term
| which pathway is responsible for proprioception? |
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Definition
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Term
| which pathway is responsible for the sensations of crude touch, pressure, pain, and temperature? |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following provides conscious control of skeletal muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| which part of the brain is affected by Parkinsons disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| which is responsible for subconscious regulation of muscle tone and reflex activity in the neck, trunk, and the proximal limbs? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a functional map of the neurons in the cerebral cortex that control skeletal muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| olfactory epithelial cell that divides to produce new olfactory receptor cells |
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Term
| which lingual papillae do not contain taste buds? |
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Definition
| filiform papillae... just provide friction for the tongue. |
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Term
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Definition
| are found on gustatory cells and help them function in taste perception. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is found in the large posterior cavity of the eye? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what vitamin is required for the production of the visual pigments of the photoreceptor |
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Definition
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Term
| what types of cones are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens when a photon strikes rhodopsin? |
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Definition
| 11-cis retinal is transformed to 11-trans retinal. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the fibrous tunic ( outermost layer) of the eye consists of _____&_______. |
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Definition
| the sclera and the cornea |
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Term
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Definition
neural layer-contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)
outer pigment layer-absorbs light |
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Term
| what part of the eye produces aqueous humor? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three parts of the uvea or vascular tunic? |
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Definition
| iris, ciliary body and choroid |
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Term
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Definition
| sensitive areas of olfactory receptors |
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Term
| Taste buds are monitored by how many cranial nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
| circumvallate papillae are where? |
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Definition
| form a V at the back of the tongue |
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Term
| why cant elderly people taste as well as they could when they were young? |
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Definition
| The numbers of all taste buds decline as a person ages, and the number of functional olfactory receptors declines as a person ages. |
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Term
| where are taste buds sensitive to bitterness located? |
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Definition
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Term
| gustatory nerves synapse where? |
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Definition
| in the solitary nucleus of the medulla |
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Term
| which cranial nerves are associated with taste? |
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Definition
| facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) |
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Term
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Definition
| a mass of soft tissue at the median canthus...responsible for "sleep" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the layers of the eye |
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Definition
| sclera, choroid(uvea) and retina |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| night blindness is caused by |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the resting membrane potential of a photoreceptor cell? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| located in the semicircular ducts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
measurement between where air molecules are crowded and where they are far apart.
distance between two adjacent wave peaks. |
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Term
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Definition
| number of waves that pass fixed reference point at a given time |
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Term
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Definition
| intensity of sound, loudness |
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Term
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Definition
| what we perceive as pitch is our sensory response to its frequency. |
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Term
| six steps involved int he hearing process |
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Definition
-sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane
-movement of the tm causes displacement at the auditory ossicles
-movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the scala vestibuli
-pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window of the scala tympani.
-vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells against the tectoral membrane.
-information about the region and the intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS over the cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII |
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Term
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Definition
| where pressure ends up and is equalized |
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Term
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Definition
| cochlea> cochlear nerve> cochlear nuclei> superior olivary nucleus> inferior colliculus> medial geniculate body> auditory complex |
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Term
| accessory structures of the eyes |
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Definition
| eyelids(palprebrae), medial canthus and lateral canthus (where eyelids meet), eyelashes, tarsal glands |
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Term
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Definition
| sebaceous glands of the eye. responsible for the supply of meibum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes thick fluid to keep eyes lubricated |
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Term
| lacrimal apparatus consists of______ |
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Definition
| lacrimal gland, lacrimal canalculi, lacrimal sac |
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Term
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Definition
| tear gland-secretions contain lysozyme |
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Term
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Definition
| lacrimal lake, where tears accumulate |
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Term
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Definition
| drains lacrimal lake into the nasal |
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Term
| what is the fibrous layer of the eye? |
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Definition
| consists of sclera and cornea- LIMBUS IS THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE SCLERA AND CORNEA |
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Term
| why is the cornea a sensitive area? |
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Definition
| no blood vessels but many free nerve endings, often if there is corneal damage, blindness results |
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Term
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Definition
| contains iris, ciliary body,and choroid provides rout for blood and lymph |
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Term
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Definition
| contains pigment and papillary muscles (dialators and constrictors) |
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Term
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Definition
| delivers oxygen and nutrients to the retina |
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Term
| inner layer of the eye consists of_____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| consists of pigmented part, rods and cones, ganglion and bipolar cells |
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Term
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Definition
| sensitive to light. respond to any photon |
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Term
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Definition
| see color. require more light. red, green and blue |
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Term
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Definition
| area of the retina where there is a concentration of cones and no rods |
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Term
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Definition
| center of macula where there is a concentration of cones. focal point |
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Term
| which cells do rods and cones interact with? |
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Definition
| bipolar cells and ganglion and horizontal cells(where bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses the visual image on the photoreceptors. Accomodation: close up the lens is flatter. further focusing requires a rounder lens |
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Term
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Definition
| when transparency of the lens is lost |
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Term
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Definition
| condition where light is not properly bent to be able to focus on an object |
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Term
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Definition
| where light absorption occurs. derivitaves of opsin and retinal(synthesized from vitamin a |
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Term
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Definition
| pain touch temperature proprioception pressure vibration |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory receptors detect an arriving stimulus and translate it to an action potential that can be conducted to the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| each receptor has a characteristic sensitivity. for example: touch receptors are sensitive to pressure not chemical stimuli. May result from structure of the receptor cell or accessory cells or other structures |
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Term
| which are the simplest sensory receptors? |
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Definition
| dendrites of sensory neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| area monitored by a single receptor cell. when a stimulus arrives in the receptive field, the CNS recieves the information . the larger thr field, the more difficult it is to localize a stimulus. |
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Term
| depolarizing receptor potential is called ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| link between peripheral receptor and cortical neuron. CNS interprets modality(type of stimulus) entirely on the basis of the labeled line |
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Term
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Definition
| always active, little perpheral adaptation. are slow-adapting receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| normally inactive, provide information about the intensity and rate of change of a stimulus. Fast adapting receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| monitor visceral organs and functions |
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Term
| what are 3 types of sensory receptors? |
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Definition
| exteroceptors, proprioceptors, interoceptors |
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Term
| 4 general sensory receptors |
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Definition
| nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
| pain receptors. free nerve endings with large receptive fields. not protected by accessory structures, can be stimulated by many different types of stimuli. type A fibers carry fast pain, type C carry slow pain. Are TONIC receptors. release glutamate and/or substance P as neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| temperature sensations. conducted along same pathways as pain sensations |
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Term
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Definition
Sensitive to stimuli that distort their plasma membranes.
Can be further classified as: Tactile, baroreceptors and proprioceptors |
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Term
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Definition
Fine touch and pressure receptors, extremely sensitive.
Provide the sensations of touch, pressure, and vibration |
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Term
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Definition
| Detect pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels and in portions of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts. adapt rapidly. |
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Term
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Definition
Monitor the positions of joints and muscles. State of muscular contraction. 3 groups- Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs
Receptors in joint capsules |
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Term
| What are six types of tactile receptors in skin? |
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Definition
- free nerve endings (tonic receptors with small receptive fields)
- root hair plexus(adapt rapidly),
- tactile discs(merkel discs-Fine touch and pressure receptors Extremely sensitive tonic receptors )
- Tactile corpuscles(fine touch, pressure, and low-frequency vibration Adapt to stimulation within 1 second after contact Fairly large structures,abundant in the eyelids, lips, fingertips, nipples, and external genitalia)
- Lamellated corpuscles(Sensitive to deep pressure Fast-adapting receptors)
- Ruffini corpuscles(reticular (deep) dermis Tonic receptors that show little if any adaptation)
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Term
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Definition
Respond only to water-soluble and lipid-soluble substances dissolved in surrounding fluid. Adapt centrally and peripherally.
Receptors that monitor pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen levels in arterial blood are located in carotid and aortic bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell body of a first-order general sensory neuron is located in dorsal root ganglion or cranial nerve ganglion |
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Term
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Definition
Axon of the sensory neuron synapses on an interneuron in the CNS
May be located in the spinal cord or brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
If the sensation is to reach our awareness, the second-order neuron synapses
On a third-order neuron in the thalamus |
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Term
| what are the 3 major somatic sensory pathways? |
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Definition
The spinothalamic pathway
The posterior column pathway
The spinocerebellar pathway |
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Term
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Definition
Provides conscious sensations of poorly localized, referred pain. anterior tract=(“crude”) touch, pressure.
lateral tracts= pain, and temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| Carries sensations of highly localized (“fine”) touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception |
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Term
| Precisely where on the body a specific stimulus originated depends on the projection of information from the_____________________. |
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Definition
| thalamus to the primary sensory cortex |
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Term
| The Spinocerebellar Pathway |
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Definition
Cerebellum receives proprioceptive information about position of:
Skeletal muscles
Tendons
Joints
posterior spinocerebellar tracts-Contain second-order axons that do not cross over to the opposite side of the spinal cord
anterior spinocerebellar tracts-Dominated by second-order axons that have crossed over to opposite side of spinal cord |
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Term
Most somatic sensory information
Is relayed to the________ for processing. A small fraction of the arriving information
Is projected to the___________ and reaches our awareness. |
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Definition
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Term
| SNS-Somatic Nervous System controls... |
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Definition
contractions of skeletal muscles. somatic motor pathways always involve at least 2 motor neurons:
upper motor neuron-Innervates a single motor unit in a skeletal muscle
lower motor neuron-Triggers a contraction in innervated muscle |
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Term
| what are the three somatic motor pathways? |
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Definition
Corticospinal pathway
Medial pathway
Lateral pathway |
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Term
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Definition
Provides voluntary control over skeletal muscles
sometimes called the pyramidal system |
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Term
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Definition
| Components of medial pathway help control gross movements of trunk and proximal limb muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Components of lateral pathway help control distal limb muscles that perform more precise movements |
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Term
| the olfactory organs are made up of___________. |
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Definition
2 layers: lamina propria
and the olfactory epithelium |
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Term
| the olfactory epithelium contains |
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Definition
| receptors, supporting cells, basal cells |
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Term
| the lamina propria of the olfactory organ contains |
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Definition
| areolar tissue, blood vessels and nerves |
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Term
| route that smell travels: |
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Definition
Olfactory epithelium
Olfactory nerve (CN1)
Olfactory blub
Olfactory tract
Central nervous system |
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Term
| Filiform papillae (tips of tongue) |
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Definition
| Provide friction and helps move objects around Do not contain taste buds |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain five taste buds each |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain 100 taste buds each. Form a V near the posterior margin of tongue |
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Term
| Taste buds are innervated by |
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Definition
| CNVII (facial) 2/3 of tongue, IX (glossopharyngeal) 1/3 of tongue, and X (vagus) (epiglottis) |
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Term
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Definition
attaches to iris. Contains ciliary processes, and ciliary muscle (rings) that attaches to suspensory ligaments of lens
Major function to hold the lens posterior to iris and centered on the pupil |
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Term
| Horizontal and Amacrine Cells |
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Definition
Facilitate or inhibit communication between photoreceptors and ganglion cells
Alter sensitivity of retina |
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Term
| Intraocular Pressure- measured in _______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Automatic adjustment of the eye to give clear vision
Rounder to focus the image on nearby object. Flatter on a distant object.
Shape of lens changes to focus image on retina |
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Term
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Definition
Photon strikes retinal portion of rhodopsin molecule embedded in membrane of disc
Opsin is activated
Bound retinal molecule has two possible configurations
11-cis form
11-trans form
Opsin activates transducin, which in turn activates phosphodiestease (PDE |
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Term
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Definition
| Rhodopsin molecule breaks down into retinal and opsin |
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Term
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Definition
photoreceptors in retina
optic nerve
optic chiasm
optic tract
lateral geniculate nucleus
projection fibers
visual cortex of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
Ganglion Cells that monitor rods
Are relatively large
Provide information about:
General form of object
Motion
Shadows in dim lighting |
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Term
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Definition
Are ganglion cells that monitor cones
Are smaller, more numerous
Provide information about edges, fine detail, and color |
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Term
| what are the Two small muscles protect the tympanic membrane and ossicles from violent movements and very loud noises |
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Definition
| tensor tympani, and stapedius muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| Encloses membraneous sacs: saccule and utricle Receptors in these sacs provide sensations of gravity and linear acceleration |
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Term
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Definition
Contain semicircular ducts
Receptors stimulated by rotation of head |
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Term
| Pathways for Equilibrium Sensations |
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Definition
vestibular receptors activate sensory neurons of vestibular ganglia
Axons form vestibular branch of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Synapse within vestibular nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
info ascends from each cochlear nucleus tot he inferior colliculi of the midbrain.
the inferior colliculi direct a variety of unconscious motor responses to sounds.
ascending acoustic information goes to the medial genticulate nucleus.
Projection fibers then deliver the information to specific locations within the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe. |
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Term
| CSF circulates within the_________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| dorsal root ganglia mainly contain______. |
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Definition
| cell bodies of sensory neurons |
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Term
| the ventral root of a spinal nerve contains_____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| white matter of the spinal cord is mainly ________________. |
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Definition
| myelinated and unmyelinated axons |
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Term
| gray matter of the spinal cord is mainly ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| making rapid postural adjustments is a major function of the______. |
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Definition
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Term
| list functions of the hypothalmus |
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Definition
| secrets oxytocin, controls autonomic centers, regulates body temperature, and produces ADH |
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Term
| major function of the thalmus? |
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Definition
| process sensory information and relay it to the cerebrum |
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Term
| the primary somatosensory cortex is found in the____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| peripheral adaptation_______ the number of action potentials that reach the CNS. |
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Definition
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Term
| a labeled line is_____________________ |
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Definition
| a link between a receptor and a cortical neuron. |
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Term
| _______________ provides information about the intensity, duration, location and modality of a sensory stimulus. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tactile receptors composed of capsules that surround a core of collagen fibers intertwined with dendrites are called ________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| fast pain is sometimes called________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Olfactory information is first received by which part of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Some neural tissues retain stem cells and thus the capacity to divide and replace lost neurons. Which of the special senses can replace its damaged neural receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is found in the optic disc? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ciliary muscle contracts to |
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Definition
| adjust the shape of the lens for near vision |
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Term
| A ray of light entering the eye will encounter which structures, in which order? |
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Definition
| conjunctiva → cornea → aqueous humor → lens → vitreous body → retina → choroid |
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Term
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Definition
| photoreceptors in retina> optic nerve> optic chiasm> lateral genticulate nucleus> projection fibers> visual cortex of cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the retina that contains only tightly packed cones |
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Term
| When a rod is stimulated by light, |
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Definition
less neurotransmitter is released.
the plasma membrane becomes hyperpolarized.
the retinal changes from the 11-cis to the 11-trans form.
cGMP decreases and sodium channels close. |
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Term
| Where are the visual pigments located in the rods and cones? |
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Definition
| inside membrane discs stacked in the outer segment |
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Term
| Cochlear hair cells are located in the ___________. |
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Definition
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