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Definition
| chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate specific body functions |
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| ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood |
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Definition
| study of hormones and endocrine glands |
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| cell that has receptors for a particular hormone and therefore is able to respond to it |
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Definition
| the length of time for a hormones blood level to decrease by half |
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Definition
| an endocrine gland located beneath the hypothalamus that manufactures and released many hormones such as growth hormone. |
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| An endocrine gland locates beneath the hypothalamus that released neurohormones such as oxytocin. |
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Definition
| hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands |
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Definition
| result of ADH deficiency. Syndrome marked by the output of huge amounts of urine and intense thirst |
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Definition
| insulin deficiency causes large amounts of blood glucose to be lost in the urine. |
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Definition
| when myxedema results from lack of iodine the thyoid gland enlarges and protrudes |
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Definition
| is an endocrine gland located atop the kidney that produces and releases steroid hormones such as cortisol |
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Definition
| is an endocrine gland located atop the kidney that synthesize epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Definition
| hormones that help control the balance of minerals and water in the blood |
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Definition
o Have receptors on target cell membrane. They change the protein. Amino acids bind to receptor cell surface e and then changes a g protein
o Stored after it Is produced
o Acts relatively more quickly than the other
o Changes events in cytoplasm of target cell/ existing proteins
o A chain of amino acids
o Receptor is on target cell membrane
o Acts at very low concentration
o Catergory that includes epinephrine and insulin and thyroid stimulating hormone |
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Term
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Definition
o Receptors inside target cell. Change the gene before the protein.
o Made from cholesterol
o Modifies gene expression in target cell
o Receptor is inside target cell
o Act at very low concentration
o Category that include estrogen and aldosterone |
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Term
| steroid hormone arriving at its target cell and gene expression changing |
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Definition
1) The steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds an intracellular receptor
2) The receptor hormone complex enter the nucleus
3) The receptor hormone complex binds a hormone response element (a specific DNA sequence)
4) Binding initiates transcription of the gene to mRNA
5) The mRNA directs protein synthesis |
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Definition
| site of release: anterior pituitary. Site of action: everywhere. Stimulates secretion of hormones that stimulate body growth and metabolism |
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Definition
| Site of release: posterior pituitary. Site of action: kidneys. Influences body water balance. Causes kidneys to reabsorb more water decreasing urine volume |
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Definition
| Site of release: Thyroid gland. Site of action: everywhere. Controls rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation |
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Definition
| Site of release: Adrenal Cortex. Site of action: everywhere. Enables the body to resist long term stressors |
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Definition
| Site of release: pancreas. Site of action: most body cells. decreases the blood glucose level when high. |
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Definition
| Site of release: Pancreas. Site of action: Liver. Increases the blood glucose level when low. |
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Definition
| site of release: anterior pituitary. Site of action: thyroid gland. Stimulates the release of thyroid hormone |
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Definition
| Site of release: anterior pituitary. Site of action: Adrenal Cortex. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones |
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Definition
| Site of release: anterior pituitary. Site of action: Ovaries and testes. (FSH – follicle stimulating hormone and LH – luteinizing hormone) Regulate gamete production and hormonal activity of ovaries and testes |
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Definition
| Site of release: parathyroid glands. Site of action: The kidneys. Controls the blood calcium levels |
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Definition
| Site of release: Adrenal cortex. Site of action: kidneys. Primary job is Regulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion by the kidneys. |
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Definition
| Site of release: Adrenal Medulla. Site of action: body cells involved in fight or flight response. Promotes fight or flight response. |
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Term
| parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels. |
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Definition
- PTH released when calcium is low
- Stimulates oseoclasts to digest some bone and release calcium and phosphates in to the blood
- Increases calcium reabsoption in kidneys
- Stimulates kidneys to convert vitamin D to D3 which is needed for absorption of calcium for food |
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Definition
| accounts for 60% of plasma protein. It acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation, is an important blood buffer and is the major blood protein contributing to the plasma osmotic pressure. |
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Definition
| red blood cells that transport oxygen |
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Definition
| white blood cells that act in various ways to protect the body and platelets |
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Definition
| nonliving fluid component of blood |
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Definition
| the percentage of erythrocytes in a blood sample. Usually about 45% |
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Definition
| smooth muscle contracts causing vasoconstriction |
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| cellular portion of blood |
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Definition
| cell fragments that help stop bleeding |
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Definition
| the protein that makes red blood cells red, bind easily and reversibly with oxygen. |
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Definition
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| a condition in which the blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity |
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Definition
| is an abnormal excess of erythrocytes that increases blood viscosity causing it to sludge or flow sluggishly |
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Definition
| series of substances that are involved in making blood into a gel |
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| actors that inhibit clotting |
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Definition
| a clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel |
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Definition
| If the thrombus breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream it becomes a embolus |
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Definition
| refers to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that have similar signs and symptoms |
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Definition
| when mismatched blood is infused |
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Definition
| Plasma, Buffy coat, Erythrocytes |
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Definition
| Water, Plasma proteins: albumin, Electrolytes/salts, Energy molecules |
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Definition
distribution
regulation
protection |
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Term
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Definition
1) Delivering oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to all body cells
2) Transporting metabolic waste products from cells to elimination sites
3) Transporting hormones from the endocrine organs to their target organs |
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Definition
1) Maintaining appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat throughout the body and to the skin surface to encourage heat loss
2) Maintaining normal pH in body tissues. Many blood proteins and other blood borne solutes act as buggers to prevent excessive or abrupt changes in blood pH that could jeopardize normal cell activities. Additionally blood acts as the reservoir for the body’s “alkaline reserve” of bicarbonate atoms
3) Maintaining adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system. Salts and blood proteins act to prevent excessive fluid loss from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces. As a result the fluid volume in the blood vessels remains ample to support efficient blood circulation to all parts of the body. |
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Definition
1) Preventing blood loss. When a blood vessel is damaged platelets and plasma proteins initiate clot formations, halting blood loss
2) Preventing infection. Drifting along in blood are antibodies complement proteins and white blood cells all of which help defend the body against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses. |
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Definition
| Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
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Definition
| white blood cells involved in body protection that take part in inflammatory and immune responses. |
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Definition
Phagocytize bacteria
- Lymphocytes- mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies |
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Definition
| Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in the tissues. |
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Definition
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Definition
| release histamine and other mediators of inflammation |
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Definition
| Seal small tears in blood vessels (involved in clotting) |
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Definition
| the protein that makes red blood cells red, bind easily and reversibly with oxygen. transporting protein of erythrocytes |
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Term
| erythropoietin mechanism for regulating erythropoiesis |
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Definition
1) Hypoxia – decreased RBC count, decreased amount of hemoglobin , decreased oxygen
2) Kidney releases erythropoietin
3) Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow
4) Enhanced erythropoiesis , increased RBC count
5) Oxygen carrying ability of blood increases |
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Term
| Provide several different possible causes of anemia |
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Definition
- Insufficient number of red blood cells
- Low hemoglobin content – hemoglobin normal but erythrocytes contain less than normal hemoglobin
- Abnormal hemoglobin – goblin abnormal – erythrocytes fragile and rupture prematurely |
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Term
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Definition
1) Vascular spasm – smooth muscle contracts causing cell to shrink
2) Platelet plug formation – platelets stick together forming a temporary plug
3) Coagulation – reinforces platelet plug with fibrin threads
Blood goes from liquid to get with clotting factors |
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Term
| positive feedback loop of platelets |
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Definition
| - As more platelets aggregate they release more chemicals which cause more platelets to aggregate |
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Definition
| doubled walled sac which encloses the heart |
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Definition
| visceral layer of the serous pericardium. |
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Definition
| The middle layer of the heart wall, it is the layer which contracts. |
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Definition
| located on the inner myocardial surface it lines the heart chambers and covers the fibrous skeleton of the valves. |
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Definition
| The two superior receiving chambers of the heart |
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Definition
| two inferior chamber of the heart which function as the major pumps of the heart |
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Definition
| small wrinkled protruding appendages which increase the atrial volume |
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Definition
| Largest artery in the body , arises from the left ventricle |
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Definition
| all the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs |
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Definition
| all the blood vessels that carry from to and from the body tissues |
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Definition
| thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in the blood delivery to the myocardium |
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Term
| myocardial infarction (MI) |
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Definition
| Known as a heart attack caused by prolonged coronary blockage |
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Definition
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Definition
| located in the right atrial wall just inferior to the entrance of the superior vena cava. It sets the pace for the heart as a whole. |
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Term
| atrioventricular (AV) node |
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Definition
| Specialized mass of conducting cells located at the atrioventricular junction in the heart. |
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Definition
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| a graphic record of heart activity |
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Definition
| contraction forcing blood out of its chambers |
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Definition
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Definition
| the amount of blood returning to the heart and distending its ventricles |
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Definition
| Amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle during one contraction |
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Definition
| the contractile strength achieved at a given muscle length |
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Definition
| Amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle in one minute |
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Definition
| an abnormally fast heart rate that may result from elevated body temperature , stress,certain drugs or heart disease |
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Term
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Definition
| heart rate slower than 60 beats/min. it may result from low body temperature , certain drugs, or parasympathetic nervous activation |
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Definition
| when the pumping efficiency (CO) of the heart is so low that blood circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs |
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Definition
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Term
Locate the heart relative to the sternum, lungs, ribs, and vertebral column, and identify its base and apex
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Definition
| Heart is posterior to the sternum , medial to the lungs, anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the ribs |
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Term
Provide or identify the major function of:
- pericardial cavity , fibrous pericardium |
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Definition
fibrous pericardium – protects the heart, anchors it to surrounding structure and prevents overfilling of the heart with the blood
- pericardial cavity – filled with serous fluid which allows the heart to work in a relatively friction free environment. |
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Term
| Associate the following blood vessels with the part of the body they supply (arteries) or drain (veins): |
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Definition
- Superior vena cava – returns blood from body regions superior to the diaphragm... drains into the right atrium
- inferior vena cava – returns blood from body areas below the diaphragm… drains into the right atrium
- coronary sinus – collects blood draining from the myocardium and drains into the right atrium
- Coronary artery – supply blood to the cardiac muscles
- Coronary vein - take blood from the heart to the right atrium
- pulmonary artery – supplies the lungs with blood
- Pulmonary vein – transport blood from the lungs back to the heart, drain into the left atrium
- Pulmonary trunk – supplied from the right ventricle, and the blood then goes back to the lungs |
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Term
| Provide or identify the pathway of blood through the heart |
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Definition
| - Lungs pulmonary veins left atrium left ventricles aorta and branches body venae cava right atrium right ventricle pulmonary arteries |
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Explain or identify why the left heart needs to work harder/be stronger than the right heart
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Definition
| Long pathway through the entire body and encounters about five times as much friction or resistance to blood flow. Left is a more powerful pump and can generate more pressure. The right just has a short low pressure circulation |
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Term
| For any heart valve (tricuspid AV, bicuspid/mitrial AV, aortic semilunar, pulmonary semilunar), identify or provide what two spaces it connects (and in what direction). |
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Definition
- Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle through the tricuspid AV
- Blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle through the bicuspid/mitrial AV
- Blood flows from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery through the pulmonary semilunar
- Blood flows from the left ventricle to the aorta through the aortic semilunar |
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| Explain or identify the function of valves and explain why it’s bad when a valve is malfunctioning (“incompetent”) |
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Definition
- When a valve is broken it repumps blood because there is blood backflow . valves become stiff which causes the heart to work harder the heart becomes weakened
- open and close in response to differences in blood pressure on their two sides. |
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Term
| Explain or identify why cardiac muscle cells are connected by gap junctions |
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Definition
| - Gap junctions allow ions to pass from cell to cell transmitting current across the entire heart. When they are couple by gap junctions the myocardium behaves as a single coordinated unit. |
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| Explain or identify how the heart beats by itself, without nervous input (how the electrical potentials are initiated by themselves), where these potentials are initiated, and how they spread to the rest of the heart |
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Definition
- Autorhythmic cells have pacemaker potentials which then spread to the rest of the heart.
- Potentials are initiated in the sinoatrial node
- They all spread because all the muscle cells are electrically connected due to gap junctions |
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Term
| what makes the heart beat sound? |
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Definition
| - First sound occurs as AV valves closes. Second sound occurs as SL valves snap shut at the beginning of ventricular relaxation. Pause is when the heart is relaxing |
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| Predict AND explain how changes in venous return, contractility, sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system activity, heart rate, and stroke volume affect cardiac output |
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Definition
- Venous return - increase in venous return (the amount of blood returned to the heart) will increase cardiac output, because more blood in the heart stretches the cardiac muscle more, which causes it to contract more strongly
- Contractility - increase in contractility increase cardiac output
- Sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous system activity – increase in sympathetic / decrease in parasympathetic increases cardiac output
- Heart rate - Increase in heart rate increases cardiac output
- Stroke volume – Increase in stroke volume increases cardiac output |
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Term
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Definition
| blood vessels that conduct blood away from the heart and into the circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| blood vessels that return blood toward the heart from the circulation |
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Definition
| smallest arteries, place where blood flood into individual capillary beds gets “turned on or off |
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Definition
| formed when capillaries unite |
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Definition
| smallest of the blood vessels and the sites of exchange between the blood and tissue cells |
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Definition
| force exerted by blood against a unit area of the blood vessel walls |
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Definition
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Definition
| state of being sticky or thick |
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Definition
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Definition
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| A sensory nerve ending in the wall of the carotid sinus or aortic arch sensitive to vessel stretching. |
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Definition
| Receptor sensitive to various chemicals in solution |
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Definition
| Rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction; can be felt from outside the body |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| The automatic local adjustment of blood flow to a particular body area in response to its current requirements |
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| Put the different types of blood vessels “in order” of blood flow |
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Definition
| - Heart arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins heart |
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Term
| Provide or identify the major function of: each of the three tunics |
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Definition
- Tunic intima – minimizes friction as blood moves through lumen
- Tunica media – regulate circulatory dynamics because small changes in vessel diameter greatly influence blood flow and pressure
- Tunica externa – protect and reinforce the vessel and anchor to surrounding structures |
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Term
| Explain or identify why capillaries have “holes” in their walls; and explain why these holes are absent in the brain and larger in some filtering tissues like the liver and kidney |
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Definition
- Capillaries have hole to allow for gas and nutrient exchange with the tissues
- Kidneys and liver have larger holes to allow large particles to filter out of blood into bile and urine |
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Term
| Identify how an increase or decrease in the difference in blood pressure between two points, or in resistance, will affect blood flow |
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Definition
- Increase in difference the faster it flows
- Decrease in difference the slower the flow
- No difference No flow
(f= P1 – P2/r)
o Where F is (rate of blood) flow P1 is the pressure in one place and P2 is the pressure in the other and R is resistance |
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Term
| Explain what factors keep blood flowing in the right direction around the circuit |
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Definition
valves
blood pressure - flows high to low |
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Term
| Explain or identify the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure and why they’re called that |
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Definition
Systolic pressure
- Drawing together
- Pressure exerted by blood on the blood vessel walls during ventricular contractions Diastolic pressure
- Drawing apart
- Arterial blood pressure reached during or as a result of diastole; lowest level of any given cardiac cycle |
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| Explain the processes by which low or high blood pressure is detected and corrected by the body |
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Definition
- When blood pressure is too high:
o Blood pressure high baroreceptors stimulated impulses from baroreceptors stimulate cardioinhibitory center and inhibit vasomotor center decrease in sympathetic impulses to heart rate of vasomotor impulses allows vasodilation causing decrease in resistance decrease heart rate, contractility and cardiac output decrease in cardiac output and resistance return blood pressure to homeostatic range |
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| Explain or identify how the kidney can adjust blood pressure |
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Definition
| o When blood volume or pressure rise the rate at which fluid filters from the bloodstream into the kidney tubules is speeded up and the kidneys can not keep up so more fluid leaves the body in the urine blood pressure/volume to decrease. When they decrease the kidneys start to conserve water and return it to the blood stream |
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| Explain how blood pressure measurement works |
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Definition
| - Blood pressure – cuff is wrapped snugly around the arm just superior to the elbow and inflated until the cuff pressure exceeds systolic pressure. Blow flow is now stopped into the arm. Brachial pulse cannot be felt or heard. With a stethoscope sound in the brachial artery are listened for. Pressure when the first soft tapping is heard is systolic pressure. Sounds are continued to be heard. When artery is no longer constricted and blood can flow freely the sounds stop it is the diastolic pressure. |
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Term
| Predict AND explain how changes in venous return, blood volume, blood pH, O2, CO2, sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system activity, heart rate, stroke volume, blood viscosity, and blood vessel diameter (vasoconstriction or vasodilation) affect blood pressure |
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Definition
- Venous return – higher venous return higher blood pressure
- Blood volume – higher blood volume higher blood pressure
- Blood pH – higher pH lower blood pressure
- O2 - higher O2 lower blood pressure
- Co2 – higher CO2 higher blood pressure
- Sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system activity – increase in sympathetic activity increase in blood pressure
- Heart rate – higher heart rate higher blood pressure
- Stroke volume – higher stroke volume higher blood pressure
- Blood viscosity – higher blood viscosity higher blood pressure
- Blood vessel diameter – the smaller the diameter the lower the blood pressure |
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Term
| Explain or identify in what parts of the system blood flow is fast vs. slow, and why slow flow in the capillaries is a good idea |
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Definition
- Slow flow in the capillaries allows adequate time for exchanges between the blood and tissue cells
- Aorta arteries Venae cavae veins arterioles venules capillaries
- Blood flows fastest where the total cross sectional area is least |
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Term
| Given an artery or vein named in Fig 19.21b or Fig 19.26b, provide or identify the major organ or tissue(s) it supplies, or vice versa |
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Definition
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