Term
|
Definition
| As the velocity of a fluid/gas increases its pressure decreases. This is demonstrated when a constant flow of fluid or gas is passed through a tube (e.g. larynx) and a section of the tube is constricted (e.g. adduction of vocal folds). At the point of constriction the flow will speed up and there will be a drop in pressure against the walls of the tube. When the vocal folds are adducted during phonation, the airstream is momentarily stopped by the vocal folds. At this point subglottic pressure begins to build up below the vocal folds. When the pressure is high enough, the soft tissues of the vocal folds are forced to separate and the airstream is allowed to flow through the vocal folds. Like the paper duct above, the airstream through the vocal folds then accelerates causing a drop in pressure. This drop in pressure then sucks the vocal folds back together. Subglottic pressure then builds up again and the process continues. |
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|
Term
| Boyle's Law (respiration) |
|
Definition
| Boyle's Law is a physical law stating that given constant temperature, air pressure equals the force over an area. Colloquially, we often say that nature abhors a vacuum, and Boyle's Law as it relates to respiration helps illustrate this. When the thoracic space increases and the lungs expand, in accordance with Boyle's Law, the air pressure inside the expanded alveoli decreases. Because air will seek to equalize pressure, it will travel from an area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure. Therefore, when the alveolar pressure decreases, air enters the lungs.The reverse is true--when thoracic space decreases, pressure in the alveoli increases, forcing the air out of the lungs in an attempt to equalize pressure. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
anastomoses
provides blood to brain |
|
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Term
|
Definition
innervates larynx
superior laryngeal nerve
recurrent laryngeal nerve |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Both ascending and descending neural fibers cross over (decussate) to the opposite side of the brainstem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| organ of hearing inside cochlea |
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Term
|
Definition
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
disseminates neural information |
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|
Term
| Role of cricothyroid muscle in pitch |
|
Definition
| The cricoid and thyroid cartilages articulate at the cricothyroid joint at the posterior of the cartilages. There is a space between them anteriorly that is filled with a membrane, but the two cartilages can rock together, with the thyroid being the most mobile of the two. The cricothyroid muscle rocks the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage together in the front, and this pulls the thyroarytenoid muscles, connected from the thyroid notch to the arytenoid cartilages, downward. This action lengthens and stretches the vocal cords, and the resulting tension raises vocal pitch just as tightening a guitar or violin string raises the string's pitch. |
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|
Term
| Role of traveling wave in separating complex sounds |
|
Definition
This means that stimulation by a pure tone results in a complex movement of the membrane. If it were uniform, then the fluctuating pressure difference between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani caused by the sound would move the entire membrane up and down with similar excursions at all points. However, because of the variation in width and stiffness along its length, various parts of the membrane do not oscillate in phase. Over a complete cycle of sound each segment of the membrane undergoes a single cycle of vibration but at any point in time some parts of the membrane are moving upwards and some parts are moving downwards. The overall pattern of movement of the membrane is described as a traveling wave.
A travelling wave then, is a unique moving waveform whose point of maximal displacement traces out a specific set of locations. The shape described by the set of these locations along the basilar membrane is called the envelope of the travelling wave (Figure 10). The point along the basilar membrane where the wave, and hence the envelope traced by the travelling wave, reaches a peak differs for each frequency. In other words, each point along the basilar membrane that is set in motion vibrates at the same frequency as the sound impinging on the ear, but different frequency sounds cause a peak in the wave at different positions on the basilar membrane. |
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|
Term
| Source-filter theory of vowel production |
|
Definition
| In the source-filter theory of vowel production, a sound source is created at the vocal folds and routed through the vocal tract where it is "filtered" by the articulators into a recognizable vowel sound. The principle of resonant frequency is applied, in which a resonant system responds most vigorously to a certain sound frequency. By altering the size and shape of the oral cavity, the resonant frequency is altered and our desired vowels are produced. The text compares this to blowing air over the mouth of a bottle that is partially filled with water. Altering the amount of water in the bottle changes the size of the resonant system and creates a different sound. |
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|
Term
| Three mechanisms of middle ear that increase pressure of signal arriving at the cochlea |
|
Definition
1) Lever effect: the ossicles are directly attached to the tympanic membrane via the manubrium of the malleus. The malleus is the largest bone in the ossicular chain, and the sizes of the bone descend to the smallest bone, the stapes. This concentrates and amplifies the sound wave. The ossicles are slightly longer than necessary to fill the gap between the tympanic membrane and the oval window, so a lever effect occurs that amplifies the sound waves.
2) Buckling action of tympanic membrane decreases the velocity two-fold and increases the force two-fold, changing the impedance ratio four-fold.
3) Size differential between the tympanic membrane and oval window |
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Term
|
Definition
| when vocal folds move apart |
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Term
|
Definition
| terminate vibration of the vocal folds |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the entrance to the larynx |
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Term
|
Definition
force over unit of area
force exerted on walls of a chamber by molecules of air |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| exchange of oxygen occurs here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood vessels/lymph system |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| head, trunk, lower/upper extremities |
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Term
|
Definition
| when vocal folds make contact |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mobile vs. fixed
tongue
lips
mandible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first laryngeal valve
adduct during hard coughing |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| paired, rock, glide, and rotate |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior attachment of vocal folds |
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Term
|
Definition
| initiates and regulates involuntary body functions |
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|
Term
| autonomic vs. sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| Both the autonomic and sympathetic nervous systems are part of the peripheral nervous system. The autonomic nervous system innervates smooth muscle and controls involuntary processes such as digestion (as opposed to the somatic system, which innervates striated muscle and controls voluntary processes.) The sympathetic nervous system is actually part of the autonomic nervous system and is the body's "fight-or-flight" system. It responds to perceived danger by releasing excitatory neurotransmitters that prepare the body to react to danger by either fighting or fleeing--speeding up heart rate, contracting pupils, and other involuntary responses. Its counterpart is the parasympathetic nervous system, which helps the body return to a normal resting state once danger is past. None of these systems are in our conscious control. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| subcortical brain structures |
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Term
|
Definition
| forms floor of scala media and holds organ of Corti |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a connective tissue
compact bone
cancellous (spongy) bone
begin as cartilaginous mass and are often cartilage at point of articulation or at end of bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhalation and exhalation equal
rate: 16-20 cycles pm
effortless, diaphragm, passive, autonomic, less than full lung volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
quick inhale, prolonged exhale
increased rate, varies according to message
additional muscular force by abdominals and external intercostals
voluntary
greater lung volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increasingly smaller tubes, 14 generations in left lung and 28 in right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
muscles of cheek
VII facial nerve |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| where trachea bifurcates into bronchial tubes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
firm/flexible, strong, elastic
hyaline: bluish, smooth (ribs, larynx, trachea)
fibrocartilage: dense white flexible fibers, shock absorber, gliding between bones
yellow (elastic): firm, elastic (nose, ear) |
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Term
|
Definition
| cranial, vertebral, thoracic, pericardial, abdominal |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| processes information related to fluidity and control of movement |
|
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Term
|
Definition
C1 -C7
C1= atlas (supports skull for rotation)
C2 = axis (supports skull for pivoting) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| accomplished by contraction of neck, upper chest, and upper back |
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Term
|
Definition
| results from an interruption to fusion of maxillae and palatine bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of mandible that articulates with temporal bone |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| most complex type, functions to provide strength/support, bind structures, surround structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secondary cartilages for phonation
apex of arytenoids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
superior sphincter of the esophagus
sphincter muscle
orifice to esophagus
attaches to cricoid
always contracted, relaxes during swallowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rocking movement results in pitch changes as vocal folds are lengthened and tensed |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pitch changes
pulls cricoid and thyroid together
stiffens, lengthens, thins vocal folds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secondary cartilages for phonation
tiny, rod-shaped, aryepiglottic folds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of structure and function of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conduction zone before bronchioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell membrane opens to allow the entry of positively charged sodium ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary muscle of inspiration
separates abdominal and thoracic cavities
edges attach to inferior rib cage, xiphoid process, and to posterior vertebral column
center is aponeurosis called central tendon
innervated by phrenic nerve |
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Term
|
Definition
| superior surface of the tongue |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| fluid between layers decreases resistance and friction to allow two unattached layers to slide against one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid within inner ear structure |
|
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Term
|
Definition
coverings/linings, functions to enclose, contain, protect, moisten
simple epithelium: single layer
compound epithelium: different layers
basement membrane: collagen, underlies epithelial tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| external intercostal muscles |
|
Definition
anterior
elevate rib cage
important for speech
between 12 ribs
slant diagonally across rib cage |
|
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Term
|
Definition
muscle of forced expiration
most superficial, largest
diagonally downward from ribs to pelvic bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intrinsic laryngeals
posterior surface of thyroid to muscular process of arytenoid
shorten and adduct vocal folds
muscularis |
|
|
Term
| extrinsic laryngeal muscles |
|
Definition
suspend, elevate, depress the larynx
Thyrohyoid muscles
Sternothyroid muscles
Omohyoid muscles
Inferior constrictor muscles
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Hyoglossus |
|
|
Term
| extrinsic lingual muscles |
|
Definition
genioglossus (biggest)
hyoglossus
styloglossus
palatoglossus
XII hypoglossal |
|
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Term
|
Definition
compressive strength
surround organs, sheetlike membrane, may be dense or filmy, thin or thick
perimysium, surrounds striated muscle
fibers are matted/woven |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that synthesize and secrete protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have a posterior but no anterior chondral attachment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passageway for spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| planning and thought processes, largest |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| number of vibratory cycles per second |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides support and nutrients within nervous system |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| adduction of vocal folds prior to initiation of breath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the space between the vocal folds
can close front to back and bottom to top |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non-myelinated
superficial brain structures primarily composed of dendritic extensions and neuronal cell bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ridgelike area on surface of cerebrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed by fusion of three plates which extend from maxillae and palatine bones |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| palatine processes (2) plus premaxilla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microscopic study of cells and tissues |
|
|
Term
| how respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory systems interact to produce speech |
|
Definition
| The primary function of the respiratory system is to allow air exchange, thus preserving life. Likewise, the phonatory and articulatory systems have other functions as well. The mouth is used to chew and swallow food, and the larynx is a valve that prevents food from entering the lungs. However, we have evolved to use these systems for the overlaid speech function. We inhale, and then exhale a column of air in a carefully controlled manner. The air passes through the larynx and vocal cords where it is phonated to produce sound vibrations. As the air passes through the oral and nasal cavities, we use our lips, teeth, and tongue to alter our intraoral pressure and change the sound to produce recognizable speech at various volumes and rates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
point of suspension of larynx
attachment for extrinsic musculature
inferior attachment of tongue musculature
"floating" bone
has greater and lesser cornu (points of muscle attachment) |
|
|
Term
| iliac/ischium/pubic bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resistance to flow of energy |
|
|
Term
| increase in fundamental frequency |
|
Definition
| increase vocal tension and lengthen vocal folds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase medial compression and increase subglottal pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Innervation is the electrical stimulus provided by nerves traveling into the muscle that stimulates it to contract or relax. The muscles receive efferent innervation from the brain and the nerves carry back afferent (sensory) information to the brain from the muscles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bringing air into the body |
|
|
Term
| internal intercostal muscles |
|
Definition
pull ribs down
muscles of forced expiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
beneath external obliques
diagonally upward from pelvic bone to ribs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intrinsic laryngeal
vocal folds
posterior surface of thyroid to vocal process of arytenoid |
|
|
Term
| intrinsic lingual muscles |
|
Definition
| longitudinal (superior and inferior), transverse, vertical |
|
|
Term
| intrinsic lingual muscles |
|
Definition
| accomplish work of elongating, flattening, or narrowing the body of the tongue |
|
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Term
|
Definition
aditus
vestibule
aryepiglottic folds
laryngeal ventricle (ventricle of Morgagni)
ventricular folds
vocal folds
glottis
atrium of trachea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from upper border of cricoid to muscular process of arytenoid
close the vocal folds
oppose posterior cricoarytenoids |
|
|
Term
| levator veli palatini muscle |
|
Definition
| primary elevator of soft palate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
posterior thoracic muscles
brevis and longis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
visceral: bind organs or hold structures in place
skeletal: bind bone to bone
no stretch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-distinct region, emotions, motivation, and sex drive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vermillion border
cupid's bow
philtrum (indentation above cupid's bow)
columella (ridges on either side of philtrum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perceptual correlate of intensity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large
stress placed on them
back/abdominal muscles attach
posterior of diaphragm attaches
transverse/spinous processes smaller, corpus much larger |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| housed in thorax, bounded by first rib and clavicle and 12th rib |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| defend/attack viral attacks |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| connective type, lymphocytes (tonsils, adenoids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| digest waste or necrotic tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of ossicular chain
hammer
attached to tympanic membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
largest and strongest facial bone
hinges, glides, lateral movement
symphysis menti
corpus
angle
ramus
coronoid process
condylar process
TMJ joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lateral pterygoid
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
anterior belly of the digastric
group pulls backward on jaw, swings it open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"chewing muscle"
mandible elevator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first responders to irritation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle sling, mandible elevator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart, etc. taking up space where third lobe of left lung would go (heart, trachea, major blood vessels, nerves, thymus gland, lymph nodes, esophagus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
brainstem
controls basic life functions such as breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs because of loose attachment of outer layers of vocal folds (Reinke's space) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
longer fibers = distance of contraction
number of fibers = force of contraction
parallel (long, strong but not strongest)--strap muscles
radiating/convergent (fan-shaped)--temporalis
pennate (pennant, short, dense fibers, very strong)--latissimus dorsus
circular (drawstring, sphincter)--lips
Muscles are irritable, contractible, extensible, elastic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connective type
can be stimulated to contract
striated: skeletal, voluntary (somatic)
smooth: internal organs, involuntary
cardiac: combo of striated/smooth, involuntary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connective type, communicates
neurons: transfer information (afferent/efferent)
glial cells: transfer nutrients |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| flows from dendrites to cell body and down the axon |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| brain axis, tilted off-vertical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myelinated segments along the axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
paired muscle
form X on back of arytenoids
adduct arytenoid cartilages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visual information and processing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aggregates of tissue that have functional unity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structure and function of bones |
|
|
Term
| oval and round window, prominence of facial nerve |
|
Definition
| landmarks of medial wall of middle ear cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| footplate of stapes embedded in this structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary reception for somatic sensory information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caused by
gravity
visceral recoil
elasticity
untorquing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scapula, clavicle, sternum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ilium, sacrum, pubic bone, ischium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates diaphragm to contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
outer ear
auricle
collector of sound
parts include helix, tragus, lobule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perceptual correlate of frequency of vibration, increase in length of vocal folds with accompanying increase in tension and decrease in mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| linings of lung and thoracic cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cover lungs and thoracic wall
visceral pleurae (lungs)
parietal pleurae (thoracic wall) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
brainstem
bridge between cerebrum and the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only intrinsic laryngeal muscle that abducts the vocal folds |
|
|
Term
| posterior cricoarytenoids |
|
Definition
form "mustache" on back of cricoid
only abductor muscle
open the glottis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| back of mouth (faucial pillars) |
|
|
Term
| primary purpose of respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| process of active inspiration |
|
Definition
| We are generally engaged in passive or quiet respiration. During passive respiration, the diaphragm contracts, expanding the thorax along the vertical dimension. The pleural linings of the thorax expand along with it, which in turn expands the lungs and the alveoli they contain. Air pressure decreases in the alveoli, allowing air to enter through the trachea. During active respiration, all of the above occurs, but the thoracic muscles are engaged as well, especially the external intercostals that lie on the outside of the ribcage. They and other muscles work to elevate and expand the ribs along the transverse dimension, much like opening venetian blinds. This increases thoracic space and lung expansion, allowing the inspiration of even more air than during passive respiration. |
|
|
Term
| propagation of impulse from one neuron to the next |
|
Definition
| When the dendrites of a particular neuron receive an impulse and relay it to the cell body, the nerve "fires" (action potential) and depolarization occurs. Positively charged sodium ions enter the cell membrane and the cell's internal charge changes from negative to positive. Repolarization occurs in a chain-like reaction that causes the positively charged signal to travel along the axon to the axon's terminal button. There it contacts another neuron, a gland, or a muscle at a point of contact (actually near-contact) called a synapse. The space into which the axon releases neurotransmitter is called the synaptic cleft. The next neuron, gland, or muscle in the chain receives the neurotransmitter, which sends either an excitatory or inhibitory signal and continues the process. The first neuron then returns to resting potential. This whole process takes milliseconds, and if the axon is myelinated the impulse travels even more quickly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
larynx
trachea
bronchial tubes
lungs
bronchioles
alveolar sacs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
under internal obliques
fibers run vertically
pubic bone to sternum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of air in lungs after max exhale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frequency of stimulation to which a resonant system responds most vigorously, governed by volume and length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lines respiratory tract
thick mucosal membrane
cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ribs 1, 10, 11, 12 attach to corresponding vertebrae
ribs 2-9 attach to transverse process and corpus of same numbered vertebrae and to body of vertebrae above it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
12 pairs of ribs (head, neck, shaft, angle)
true ribs: 1-7, chondral, attached to sternum
false ribs: 8-10, vertebrochondral
floating ribs: 11-12, attached only to spine, vertebral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sacral/coccygeal vertebrae |
|
Definition
5 sacral vertebrae fused (sacrum)
coccyx also fused |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organs of balance
structures of vestibular system
Function: The function of the semicircular canals is to detect movement and position of the head to aid in balance. The three semicircular canals are at right angles to one another and thus each is detecting information in a different spatial plane. This creates a three-dimensional representation of head position for interpretation by the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Linguistic Level: Speaker formulates thoughts
Physiological Level: Speaker produces spoken message through engaging and shaping the vocal tract
Acoustic Level: Sound waves are created by intricate “disturbances” of air which travel to listener’s ear
Physiological Level: Reception of “disturbances” by listener
Linguistic Recognition: Listener perceives, analyzes, and interprets the received message |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bat-shaped
provides attachments for elevator muscles of velum
separates brain and nasal cavities
acts as pulley to assist in pulling the soft palate tight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both afferent and efferent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stirrup
part of the ossicular chain |
|
|
Term
| sternocleidomastoid (sternomastoid) |
|
Definition
| mastoid process to sternum, elevates sternum and rib cage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point of attachment for ribs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
manubrium sterni (attachment for clavicle and first rib)
manubrosternal angle (attachment for second rib)
corpus (articulation for 5 more ribs directly and 3 indirect)
xiphoid process (tip) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accompanied by coordinated action of oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal muscles
consists of oral prepatory phase, oral phase (food is moved), pharyngeal phase, esophageal phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| embedded cilia of the outer hair cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
paired, dense bones that cover and protect the temporal lobes
important to SLPs and audiologists because of the auditory centers housed by the temporal bones.
have four portions: the squamous, tympanic, mastoid, and petrous (the densest portion, hence its “rock-like” name). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| auditory reception and language processing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fan-shaped muscle
raises jaw quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
attach muscle or bone to cartilage
part of muscle
fibers are arrayed longitudinally
aponeurosis is dense, sheetlike
great tensile strength |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduces range of movement of the tympanic membrane |
|
|
Term
| tensor veli palatini muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| terminal respiratory bronchioles |
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Definition
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Definition
T1-T12
points of attachments for ribs
basis of respiratory framework
larger spinous/transverse process
superior/inferior costal facets are rib attachments |
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Definition
suspended by vertebral column, conduit for spinal cord
contains rib cage, mediastinum, pleural membranes, pulmonary system |
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| volume of air exchanged during one cycle of respiration |
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Definition
| epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous |
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Term
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Definition
tip
dorsum
root
largest mobile articulator |
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Term
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Definition
lymphoid tissue
pharyngeal/adenoids
palatine
lingual |
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Definition
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Term
| transverse arytenoid muscle |
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Definition
single muscle
from one arytenoid to other
closes vocal folds |
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Term
| transversus abdominis muscle |
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Definition
deepest layer of abdominal muscles
fibers run laterally
abdominal aponeurosis to ribs |
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Term
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Definition
fibrous (immobile) ex. tooth (gomphosis) or skull bone (suture)
cartilaginous (limited movement)ex, spinal vertebrae (symphysis)
synovial (highly mobile, fluid-filled)ex. knee, hip |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
can elevate or relax to create a different site of resonance
also elevates during swallowing to prevent nasal regurgitation
The velum or soft palate raises and lowers to close off or open the nasopharynx. When it is lowered (open) and air can travel through the nasal cavity during speech, this adds nasal resonance to the speech sound. The velum is closed for most English speech, because English has very few nasal sounds, and in the lowered position for a few sounds such as /m/, /n/, and /ng/. Someone who has a hypernasal quality to the voice may have a velum that only partially closes. The actress Fran Drescher is a good example of hypernasality. |
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Term
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Definition
false vocal folds
thick mucous membranes
can adduct |
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Term
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Definition
5 divisions, 33 bones
cervical (C1-C7)
thoracic (T1-T12)
lumbar (L1-L5)
sacral (S1-S5)
coccygeal: fused |
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Term
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Definition
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| capacity available for speech |
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Term
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Definition
squamous epithelium
lamina propria
--superficial layer (Reinke's space)
--intermediate layer
--deep layer
vocalis muscle |
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Definition
passageway for air that begins at the vocal folds and ends with the protruded and rounded lips
oral, pharyngeal and nasal cavity |
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Definition
| intrinsic laryngeal muscle that accomplishes the work of vibration |
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Definition
| single bone, part of nasal septum |
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Definition
| A mark that is placed above through or below a letter to indicate a modification of the sound represented by the letter |
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Definition
| Transcribing the diverse allophonic variations and misarticulations that occur in speech; uses phonemic symbols and diacritics |
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Definition
| Placed to the upper left of the main symbol |
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Definition
| Placed over the main symbol |
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Definition
| Placed over the main symbol and directly under the stress symbol if both are used |
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Definition
| Placed over the main symbol and directly under any stress or nasal symbols |
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Definition
| Placed under the main symbol |
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Term
| Sound source or larynx symbol |
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Definition
| Placed under the main symbol and directly under any tongue symbols that are used |
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Definition
| Placed under the main symbol and directly under any tongue or source symbols |
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Definition
| Placed to the upper right of the main symbol |
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Definition
| Placed to the upper right of the main symbol |
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Definition
| Placed directly to the right of the main symbol |
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Definition
| Placed directly to the right of the main symbol and following any timing symbols |
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Definition
| ~ that goes over the vowel |
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Term
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Definition
Characterized by the release of noise energy through the nose
Symbol is ~ with two dots |
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Term
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Definition
Produced without nasalization or without an appropriate degree of nasalization
Symbol is ~ that is crossed out |
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Definition
Lips symbol
Produced with a rounding or protrusion of the lips
Symbol is a backwards c |
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Definition
Produced without a rounding of the lips
Symbol is a forward c |
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Definition
Produced with a constriction or narrowing of the lips much like rounding in the case of a vowel
Symbol is a rounded w |
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Definition
Not articulated with a constriction or narrowing of the lips
Symbol is a rounded m |
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Definition
Tongue symbol
Articulated with the tip of the tongue against the back of the upper teeth
Symbol is horizontal bracket |
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Definition
The blaze or front part of the Tongue minus the tip is close to the palatal area just behind the alveolar ridge
Symbol is a rounded j |
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Definition
Tongue symbol
Release of air through the sides of the mouth
Symbol is a horizontal parenthese |
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Definition
R coloring
Symbol is a rounded backward j |
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Definition
Top lip hangs over the bottom lip when producing bilabial sounds
Symbol is a rounded X
Lips symbol |
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Definition
The r coloring is missing from the R phoneme
Symbol is a horizontal parentheses facing up |
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Definition
Creaky voice
Symbol is a dot |
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Term
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Definition
Characterized by air wastage and therefore often noise at the larynx
Symbol is two dots |
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Definition
A sound is prolonged
Symbol is a : that goes after the prolonged sound |
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| Consonants that stand alone as the nucleus of a syllable |
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Definition
Used when two distinct articulations are linked or tied together in one segment
Symbol is like a tie in music over the two syllables |
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Definition
| Constriction in velar area tongue tip does not touch alveolar ridge common with post vocalic word ending in L |
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Definition
Whistling sound with fricative
Symbol is like a little teepee |
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Like the Spanish r
Symbol is a checkmark |
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Definition
Devoicing a consonant that is usually voiced
Symbol is an o |
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Adding a slight degree of voice to a sound that is usually voiceless
Symbol is a v |
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Circle around segment you are unsure of
Can put? With circle around it |
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