Term
|
Definition
| an elaborate system of drainage vessels that collect the excess protein containing interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein-containing fluid transported by lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small lymphoid organ that filters lymph; contains macrophages and lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weave between the tissue cells and blood capillaries in the loose connective tissues of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| main warriors of the immune system arise in red bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protective cell type common in connective tissue, lymphoid tissue, and many body organs; phagocytizes tissue cells, bacteria, and other foreign debris; presents antigens to T cells in the immune response. |
|
|
Term
lymphoid organ
+ Add Another
© |
|
Definition
| aggregates of lymphatic tissue in the body |
|
|
Term
| Recognize that flow through lymphatic vessels is _________ |
|
Definition
| one-way, towards the heart |
|
|
Term
| identify how lymph moves through lymphatic vessels and the identify the site where lymphatic vessels empty into the bloodstream |
|
Definition
- Maintained by skeletal muscle contraction, pressure changes in the thorax and contractions of the lymphatic vessels.
-Lymphatic ducts empty junction of internal jugular vein and subclavian vein |
|
|
Term
| List or identify the two major types of lymphocytes and their basic mechanism of defense of the body |
|
Definition
- B cells – produce antibodies to destroy invaders
o Protect the body by producing plasma cells, daughter cells that secrete antibodies into the blood
- T cells – directly attack infected cells
o Activated T cells manage the immune response and some of them directly attack and destroy infected cells |
|
|
Term
| Provide or identify the type of tissue that composes most lymphoid tissue |
|
Definition
| - Loose connective tissue – mostly space – leaves room for immune cells to move around |
|
|
Term
| provide the major function of lymph nodes |
|
Definition
Lymph node – body protection
o Act as lymph filters when lymph is transported back to the bloodstream
o Help activate the immune system |
|
|
Term
| provide the major function of lymphatic vessels |
|
Definition
| - Lymphatic vessels – serves as passageways for lymph to enter and exit |
|
|
Term
| provide the major function of the spleen |
|
Definition
| - Spleen – provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response. Cleanses the blood |
|
|
Term
| provide the major function of the thymus |
|
Definition
| - Thymus – site where T lymphocyte precursors mature to become immunocompetent lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| provide the major function of tonsils |
|
Definition
| - Tonsils – form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the entrance to the pharynx where they appear as swellings of the mucosa |
|
|
Term
| Provide or identify the general location of lymph nodes |
|
Definition
| - Cluster along the lymphatic vessel of the body |
|
|
Term
| Explain why cancer often spreads through the lymphatic system |
|
Definition
| - Protein in interstitial space cannot get into the blood stream but it can get into the lymphatic capillaries easy. When tissues are inflamed lymphatic capillaries develop openings that permit uptake of even larger particles such as cancer cells. The pathogens can the use the lymphatics to travel throughout the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defense system which is always prepared and responds within minutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only fights certain things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| harmful or disease causing microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Engulfing of foreign solids by (phagocytic) cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins released from virus infected cells that protect uninfected cells from viral takeover. Also inhibit some cancers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally high body temperature is a systemic response to invading microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance or part of a substance (living or nonliving) that is recognized as foreign by the immune system, activates the immune system, and reacts with immune cells or their products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules on the outer plasma membrane of all cells; help the immune system distinguish self from nonself. T cells recognize antigens only when combined with these proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability of the body’s immune cells to recognize (by binding) specific antigens; reflects the presence of plasma membrane– bound receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in thymic cortex. Is essentially an MHC restriction process. It identifies T cells whose receptors are capable of recognizing self MHC molecules and eliminates all others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T cells are tested after positive selection to make sure that they do not recognize self antigens displayed on self MHS. If they do they are eliminated by apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process during which a B cell or T cell becomes activated by binding contact with an antigen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibody secreting effector cells of the humeral response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clone cells that do not become plasma cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs on first exposure to a particular antigen |
|
|
Term
| secondary immune response |
|
Definition
| occurs when someone is exposed to a antigen they have already been exposed to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protein molecule that is released by a plasma cell (a daughter cell of an activated B lymphocyte) and that binds specifically to an antigen; an immunoglobulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lymphocytes that mediate cellular immunity; include helper, cytotoxic, regulatory, and memory cells. Also called T lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Effector T cell that directly kills foreign cells, cancer cells, or virus-infected body cells by inducing apoptosis (cell suicide) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of hypersensitivity (overzealous immune response to an otherwise harmless antigen) that involves IgE antibodies and histamine release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify or describe the major differences between the adaptive and innate defense systems |
|
Definition
| - Innate defense – isn’t specific to any particular kind of invader and it happens right away , cant destroy only contain |
|
|
Term
| List several specific ways in which skin and mucous membranes protect the body against pathogens |
|
Definition
1) Acidity of skin secretions inhibits bacterial growth.
2) The stomach mucosa secretes a concentrated hydrochloric acid solution and protein-digesting enzymes. Both kill microorganisms
3) Saliva which cleanses the oral cavity and teeth and lacrimal fluid of the eye contain lysozyme that destroys bacteria
4) Sticky mucus traps many microorganisms that enter the digestive and respiratory passageways |
|
|
Term
| Provide the major function of natural killer cell |
|
Definition
| Unique group of defensive cells that can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus infected body cells before the adaptive immune system is activated. |
|
|
Term
| Provide the major function of macrophages |
|
Definition
| pathogens and stimulate other immune cells to respond |
|
|
Term
| Provide the major function of the inflammatory response |
|
Definition
| prevents spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, and sets stage for repair |
|
|
Term
| Provide the major function of interferons |
|
Definition
| proteins released by virus infected cells and certain lymphocytes that protect uninfected tissue cells from viral takeover, mobilize immune system |
|
|
Term
Provide the major functio
n of complement |
|
Definition
| lyses microorganisms , enhances phagocytosis by opsonization , and intensifies inflammatory and immune responses. |
|
|
Term
| provide the major function of fever |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| provide the major function of antigen presenting cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| provide the major function of helper T cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| provide the major function of cytotoxic T cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| provide the major function of regulatory T cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Provide or identify the four cardinal signs of inflammation |
|
Definition
| redness, heat , swelling, pain |
|
|
Term
| List the two major divisions of the adaptive immune system and explain or identify the major differences between them |
|
Definition
- Antibody mediated immunity , humoral immunity – B cells
- Cell mediated immunity, adaptive immunity – t cells |
|
|
Term
| Provide or identify the site of origin and site of maturation of B and T cells |
|
Definition
| - Come from the bone marrow. T cells mature in the thymus and B cells stay in the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| Describe or identify the role of antigen-presenting cells in the destruction of pathogens |
|
Definition
| - main role is to engulf antigens and then present fragments of them, like signal flags on their own surfaces where they can be recognized by T cells. They present antigens to the cells that will deal with the antigens. |
|
|
Term
| Describe and explain, or identify the steps of, the process of clonal selection (see Fig 21.11) |
|
Definition
- B lymphocyte is activated when matching antigens bind to its surface receptors and cross link adjacent receptors together
- Bcells growand multiple rapidly to form an army of cells all exactly the same. “clones”
- Antigen does the selecting in clonal selection by choosing a lymphocyte with complementary receptors
- Most cells of the clone differentiate into plasma cells or memory cells
o Plasma cells – the antibody secreting effector cells of the humoral response
o Memory cells – they can mount almost immediate humoral response if they encounter the same antigen again at some future time |
|
|
Term
| Identify or explain how a vaccine works to produce immunity to a pathogen |
|
Definition
| - Vaccines are dead or weakened forms of a disease or virus. When a person is injected their body will not be able to recognize the infection. Next time they are exposed it their memory B cells will be remember the infection so they are able to defend it rapidly with secondary responses. |
|
|
Term
| Provide or identify the mechanism by which antibodies kill bacteria and other cellular pathogens (1) |
|
Definition
Neutralization – antibodies block specific viruses or bacterial exotoxins – no longer can bond
- aggulation - Easier for phagocytes to capture and engulf than are freely moving antigens |
|
|
Term
| Provide or identify the mechanism by which antibodies kill bacteria and other cellular pathogens (2) |
|
Definition
- Precipitation – soluble molecules are cross linked into large complexes that settle out of solution. Easier for phagocytes to capture and engulf than are freely moving antigens
- complement fixation and activation – when several antibodies bind close together on the same cell the complement binding sites on their stem regions align. This triggers complement fixation into the antigenic cells surface followed by cell lysis |
|
|
Term
| Identify or explain how the HIV virus depresses the immune system of individuals infected with it |
|
Definition
| - HIV destroys Helper T cells depressing cell mediated immunity. Although b cells and Tc cells initially mount a vigorous response to viral exposure in time a profound deficit of B cell and cytotoxic T cell function develops. The whole immune system gets messed up. |
|
|
Term
| Give 2-3 examples of autoimmune diseases |
|
Definition
- Multiple sclerosis – which destroys the myelin of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord
- Myasthenia gravis – which impairs communications between nerves and skeletal muscles
- Graves disease – which prompts the thyroid gland to produce excessive amounts of thyroxine
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus – which destroys pancreatic beta cells resulting in a deficit of insulin and inability to use carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| midline that divides the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pathway with which air enters the cavity during breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscular tube extending from the region posterior to the nasal cavities to the esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branching patterns of airways – air passageway in the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the presuure exerted by a single component of a mixture of gases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition in which inadequate oxygen is available to tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an increase in the depth and rate of breathing that is in excess of the body’s need for removal of carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a decrease in the depth and rate of breathing characterized by an increase in blood carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| Identify or provide the two major functions of the respiratory system |
|
Definition
- Air distributer
- Gas exchanger |
|
|
Term
| Explain exactly what we need oxygen for and why we need to get rid of carbon dioxide |
|
Definition
| - We need oxygen to make ATP, this produces CO2 which needs to be disposed of because it forms acid which lo0wers the body’s pH dangerously |
|
|
Term
| List the structures air passes through from outside your nose to your lung capillaries, in order |
|
Definition
| o Nose nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs |
|
|
Term
| Provide or identify the major function(s) of nose |
|
Definition
o Provides an airway for respiration
o Moistens and warms entering air
o Filters and cleans inspired air
o Serves as a resonating chamber for speech
o Houses the olfactory |
|
|
Term
| Provide or identify the major function(s) of respiratory mucosa |
|
Definition
Blood vessels are very close to the surface in the mucosa and this acts to warm the incoming air.
o The Mucosa also moistens the air via its mucous membranes, trapping foreign particles, viruses and bacteria.
o Olfactory Receptors are located in the Nasal Mucosa giving a person the sense of smell. |
|
|
Term
| Provide or identify the major function(s) of uvula |
|
Definition
| o Prevent food from entering the air passageway |
|
|
Term
| Provide or identify the major function(s) of epiglottis |
|
Definition
| o Keeps food out of the air passageway |
|
|
Term
| Provide or identify the major function(s) of larynx |
|
Definition
o Provide a open airway
o Act as a switching mechanism to route air and good into the proper channels
o Voice production |
|
|
Term
| Provide or identify the major function(s) of aveoli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Provide or identify the major function(s) of alveolar macrophage |
|
Definition
| o remove dust particles and other debris from alveolar spaces |
|
|
Term
| Provide or identify the major function(s) of pleural fluid |
|
Definition
| o The lubricating secretion allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during our breathing movements |
|
|
Term
| Explain how food is specifically prevented from entering the nose or the lungs during swallowing |
|
Definition
o Uvula – prevents food from getting into your nose
o Epiglottis – prevents food from getting into your lungs |
|
|
Term
| Provide and explain the structure and function of the respiratory membrane |
|
Definition
o Single layer of aquamous epithelial cells called type I cells surrounded by flimsy basement membrane
o Blood on one side and air on the other side – gas exchange occurs through diffusion. O2 passes from the alveolus into the blood and CO2 leaves the blood to enter the gas filled alveolus |
|
|
Term
| Recognize that the left lung is divided into ______ lobes and the right lung into ________ lobes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify or explain the functional difference between pulmonary and bronchial blood vessels |
|
Definition
- Pulmonary
o Systemic venous blood that is to be oxygenated in the lungs is delivered by the pulmonary arteries
o Freshly oxygenated blood is conveyed from the respiratory zones of the lungs to the heart by the pulmonary veins
- Bronchial
o Bronchial arteries provide oxygenated systemic blood to lung tissue , they arise from the aorta, enter the lungs at the hilum
o Some systemic venous blood is drained from the lings by the tiny bronchial veins |
|
|
Term
| Recognize that air flow into or out of the lungs follows, and is because of, pressure changes in the lung (not vice versa!), which occur because of volume changes in the lung (not vice versa!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain or identify what causes air to flow into the lungs during inspiration, and what causes air to flow out of the lungs during expiration |
|
Definition
- Inspiration
o Inspiratory muscles contract thoracic cavity volume increases lungs are stretched, intrapulmonary volume increases intrapulmonary pressure drops (-1 mm Hg) air flows into lungs down its pressure gradients until intrapulmonary pressure is 0
- Expiration
o Inspiratory muscles relax thoracic cavity volume decreases elasic lungs recoil passively, intrapulmonary volume decreases intrapulmonary pressure rises (1 mm Hg) air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 |
|
|
Term
| Provide or identify the muscle groups involved in normal resting inspiration and normal resting expiration |
|
Definition
- Inspiration – the diaphragm , and external intercostals muscles
- Expiration - |
|
|
Term
Explain or identify
a) how surface tension of water both contributes to expiration and threatens to cause alveolar collapse
b) the role of surfactant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recognize that gases always flow down their partial-pressure gradients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain what makes CO2 move from tissues to blood to lungs and vice versa for O2 |
|
Definition
| - Internal respirtation – a lot of O2 in lungs and little in blood – the lungs loose some and the blood gains. Same with CO2 |
|
|
Term
| Explain why hemoglobin exists, versus oxygen simply traveling in solution in the plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Provide or identify the “forms” in which O2 and CO2 each usually travel in the blood |
|
Definition
CO2 - bicarbinate
O2 - hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| Identify the location of the neurons that generate the normal respiratory rhythm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe or identify the most important factors controlling breathing rate and depth and by what mechanism and in what direction each changes breathing rate and depth |
|
Definition
|
|
