Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Anatomy and Physiology II
The Heart and Lymphatic System
114
Biology
Undergraduate 3
03/13/2013

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
The Heart
Definition
A hollow, muscular, organ, located within the mediastinum, whos job is to pump blood through the body.
Term
heart location
Definition

Located within the mediastinum laying obliquely on top of the diaphragm and anchored to the diaphragm by the pericardium. Anterior to the esophagus and the trachea.

2/3 of the heart's mass lies on the left hand side. Has a cone shape and is about the size of a fist.

Term
Apex
Definition
the bottom point of the heart; bottom left hand corner at the left 5th intercostal space.
Term
Base
Definition
Located at the right 2nd intercostal space. Top portion of the heart.
Term
Pericardium-aka- Pericardial Sac
Definition

A loosely fitting membrane that encloses the heart. Funtions:

1. A protective covering for the heart

2. helps to reduce friction within the chest cavity

3. anchors the heart to the diaphragm to prevent kinking of the great vessels.

Term
2 Layers of the Pericardial Sac
Definition

1. The outer layer- Visceral Pericardium: fibrous connective tissue layer (does not expand)

2. The inner layer- Parietal Pericardium

Term
Serous Layer-aka- Visceral Pericardium (epicardium)
Definition
The inner layer that sits directly on top of the heart
Term
Cardiac Tamponade
Definition
When fluid fills the space between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium
Term
Three Layers of Heart Muscle
Definition

1) Epicardium-outermost layer or visceral pericardium

2) Myocardium- middle, thickest, muscular layer. Has intercolated discs on the muscle tissue. Branched and interconnected by the discs.

3) Endocardium- made of endothelium (lining insides of body tissues). Prevents blood from adhering to it and prevents clots from forming.

Term
Intercolated Discs
Definition
The gap junction between two cardiac muscle cells. The gap junction allows for electrical conductivity to travel from one cell to another. They also help to maintain the 3 dimensionality of the heart muscle tissue.
Term
Angiogenesis
Definition
Revascularization of hypoxic tissue
Term
Functional Syncytium
Definition
A group of muscle cells that contract as one unit.
Term
Atrioventricular Valves-aka- AV Valves
Definition

1) Right Tricuspid

2) Left Bicuspid (mitral valve)

Term
Semilunar Valves-aka- SL Valves
Definition

3) Pulmonary Semilunar Valve--sends blood to the lungs

4) Aortic Semilunar Valve--sends blood to the rest of the body.

Term
Coronary Sulcus
Definition
The deep groove along the anterior and posterior aspect of the heart between the atria and ventricles. Houses the coronary vessels.
Term
Interventricular Sulcus
Definition
Ventricle groove along the left and right ventricles along the anterior and posterior aspect of the heart.
Term
Chordae Tendinae
Definition
Cords that run from the valve cusps of the heart and attach at the papillary muscles. Serve to contract/close the valves and to prevent backflow when the valves close.
Term
Papillary Muscles
Definition
Projections of myocardium that reside in both the ventricles and attach to the chordae tendinae and contract to close the valves.
Term
Trabecula Carnae
Definition
"meat strut"--found in the ventricles. Helps stabilize blood before ejection so it isnt sloshing around inside the ventricles.
Term
Left Coronary Artery
Definition

Left of the pulmonary trunk, anterior to the left atrium; fills during relaxation. Has 2 branches:

1. Circumflex branch--wraps behind; atrioventricular sulcus on the left. Decends posteriorly into the interventricular sulcus.

2. Anterior Interventricular branch--main branch, left a.d., most commonly blocked vessel in heart attacks. Supplies left and right ventricle.

Term
Right Coronary Artery
Definition

Off the aorta, fills during relaxation; anterior, right off right ventricle. Has 2 branches:

1. Posterior Interventricular branch--main branch from the right coronary artery.

2. Marginal branch

Term
Coronary Veins
Definition

Relatively hypoxic.

1) Great Cardiac Vein: Starts in the anterior interventricular sulcus, follows circumflex branch back, drains into the coronary sinus.

2) Middle Cardiac Vein: Posterior interventricular sinus to coronary sinus.

 

Both come together to drain into the coronary sinus.

Term
Relative Refractory Period
Definition
The time during hyperpolarization when sodium gates are open
Term
Cadiac muscle will contract on its own
Definition
In cardiac muscle tissue, absolute and relative refractory periods are significantly longer than in skeletal muscle tissue.
Term
The refractory period of cardiac muscle is much longer than in skeletal muscle tissue.
Definition

Absolute Refractory Period: short period of time when we cannot repolarize the cell because the sodium's inactivation gate is not reset.

The function of a longer refractory period in cardiac muscle tissue is to give the heart longer periods of rest.

Term
Cardiac Muscle Energy Source
Definition

1) Increased number of mitochondria (aerobic response)

2) Abundant myoglobin

3) Glycogen/lipid energy stores

Term
The Cardiac Conduction Pathway
Definition

A) The SA Node

B) Internodal Pathways

C) The AV Node

D) The AV Bundle (Bundle of His)

E) Right and Left Bundle Branches

F) Purkinje Fibers

Term
The SA Node (Sinoatrial node)-aka- The Pacemaker
Definition

Initiates contraction of the entire muscle. Located at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium. Is comprised of specialized nerve cells and it initiates each cardiac cycle. Two things that speed or slow: 1. Autonomic Nervous System, 2. Hormones in the nervous tissue. 

For the ANS, it is innervated by the Vagus nerve and cardioaccelorater nerves. For the hormones, epi and norepi increase force of contraction.

Term
Internodal Pathways
Definition
3 general pathways that travel through the atria to the next node and over the atrial surface.
Term
AV Node (Atrioventricular node)
Definition
Located at the junction of the atria and the ventricle to the right of the septum.
Term
AV Bundle (Bundle of His)
Definition
Travels down the pathway to the Bundle of His and keeps travelling down through the interventricular septum. Eventually it branches and splits to form the left and right bundle branches. Located at the interventricular septum and then goes into the right and left bundle branches.
Term
Right and Left Bundle Branches
Definition
Lead to the Purkinje Fibers
Term
Perkinje Fibers
Definition
Terminal branches of the left and right bundle branches.
Term
Order of Heart Muscle Contraction
Definition

1. Atria must fire first to push blood into the ventricle

2. Interventricular septum fires for a stable base

3. Apex fires

4. Walls of ventricles from bottom to top

Term
Electrocardiogram-aka- EKG, ECG
Definition

Records the electrical changes that accompany the cardiac conduction cycle. Electrodes are placed on various places on the chest wall and extremities to monitor the electrical depolarization of the cardiac muscle.

1) P wave: represents atrial depolarization--happens first

2) QRS Complex: represents ventricular depolarization--happens second. Atrial repolarization happens here but is hidden by the QRS Complex.

3) T Wave: represents ventricular repolarization

Term
The Cardiac Cycle
Definition
One complete series of contraction and relaxation of both the atria and the ventricles.
Term
Systole
Definition
Represents the phase of heart muscle contraction
Term
Diastole
Definition
Represents the phase of heart muscle relaxation
Term
One Normal Cardiac Cycle
Definition

Refers to the sytole and the diastole of both atria and ventricles

 

1. Atria contract while ventricles relax

2. Ventricles contract while atria relax

Term
Atrial Diastole
Definition

Atria are in a relaxed state.

1) Blood is passing in passively to the right atrium. 70% of ventricular filling occurs at this time.

2) During this time, AV valves are open and SL valves are closed.

Term
Atrial Systole
Definition

Atria are contracting, pushing blood down into the ventricles, topping off the last 30% of ventricular volume.

1) AV valves are still open and SL valves are still closed.

2) Atria are contracting; blood goes down into the ventricles and tops off the last 30% of blood volume.

3. During this time, the SA node is firing.

Term
Ventricular Systole
Definition

1) Ventricles contract, ejecting blood toward the lungs and peripheral circulation (left side)

2) AV valves close and SL valves open

Term
Ventricular Diastole
Definition

1) Ventricles relax and there is a brief period of time when AV and SL valves are closed

2) AV valves eventually open back up as the pressure in the atria increases over the ventricles' pressure.

 

Coronary arteries are the only vessels that fill during ventricular diastole.

Term
Murmur
Definition
Any abnormal heart sound
Term
Heart Sounds
Definition

Sounds the valves make when they snap shut. We hear the sounds because of turbulence and turbulence creates sound.

1st heart sound: Lubb--represents the closure of the AV valves. Softer, longer sound. AKA- S1 sound

2nd heart sound: Dupp--represents the closure of the SL valves. Shorter, sharper, snapping sound. AKA- S2 sound

Term
Pressure changes within the heart chambers
Definition
Pressure develops within the chambers related to: chamber size, and the volume the chamber can hold/contain.
Term
Intraatrial Pressures
Definition

A) Atrial Diastole: atria relaxing and pressure steadily increases as atria fill with blood

B) Atrial Systole: atria contract, there is a momentary increase in atrial pressure as blood is sent into the ventricles to top them off.

Remember: atria are filling with blood but that blood is then travelling down to the ventricles to allow them to fill passively.

Term
Intraventricular Pressures
Definition

A) Ventricular diastole: 1. pressure continues to increase as blood fills the ventricle from the atria. 2. mild increase in pressure as atria contract to top off ventricular volume.

B) Ventricular systole: 1. a huge increase of ventricular pressure during ventricular contraction, 2. also see an increase pressure in the pulmonary and aorta as the ventricles contract and eject blood.

Term
Stroke Volume
Definition
The amount of blood ejected from ventricle during each ventricular systole. Measured in mmHg.
Term
Cardiac Output
Definition

The amount of blood ejected from the L. ventricle per minute.

 

Stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac output

Term
Cardiac Reserve
Definition

The maximum % that the cardiac output can increase above resting amounts. It is the difference between normal and maximal cardiac output.

 

The amount of blood pumped; difference between max and resting.

Term
Cardiac Output Variations
Definition

Differences can be seen in certain pathological conditions. 

In Hypovolumic Shock there is a loss of fluids. Heart rate will increase to compensate for the loss/decreasein stroke volume. Pulse will become weak.

Term
End Diastolic Volume
Definition
The amount of blood in the ventricle prior to systole/at the end of diastole= 130mmHg
Term
End Systolic Volume
Definition

The amount of blood left in the ventricle after ventricular systole/after contraction= 50-60mmHg.

 

EDV-ESV=Stroke Volume

Term
Starling's Law
Definition
The greater amount of blood dumped into the ventricles, the greater the force of contraction. Input has to be the same as output.
Term
Arteries
Definition
Always send blood away from the heart. Artery walls are much thicker than veins, due to increased pressure in the arteries. There are 3 types of arteries: Elastic, medium sized, arterioles.
Term
Elastic Arteries
Definition
The largest vessels, containing very little muscle tissue, walls are not very thick, but they are very resilient. Typically found closer to the heart; the Great Vessels at the heart: Aorta, Pulmonary Artery. Provide resillience.
Term
Medium Sized Arteries (Muscular Arteries)
Definition
Contrary to Elastic Arteries we do see significant vasoconstriction and dilation here. They distribute blood to peripheral organs, contain large amounts of smooth muscle fibers in the middle layer, help shunt blood to many parts of the body. Dilate and constrict to redirect blood flow to different areas of the body. Ex: radial or ulnar arteries.
Term
Arterioles
Definition
Much smaller than medium sized arteries, have an incomplete layer of smooth muscle fibers, these fibers allow for constriction and dilation of arterioles. Relatively thin but still powerful muscular layer. Shunt blood. Muscle contraction caused by autonomic nervous system. Ex: almost microscopic/branches off of medium sized arteries.
Term
Capillaries
Definition
The smallest and thinest vessels. Flow is slow here. Most areas are only one cell thick and only allow one RBC through at a time. Unique in this way. No muscular tissue here; all endothelium. Capillary bed is a semi-permeable membrane and there is a lot (80%) of movement across this membrane. We dont have blood flow through capillaries all the time. We open them up and then close them to supply nutrition to tissues when necessary.
Term
Pre-capillary Sphincters
Definition
Smooth muscle cells that regulate blood flow in the capillary beds.
Term
Venules
Definition
Small vessels continuing from capillaries that collect unoxygenated blood. Lay on the other side of the capillary bed. Travelling through here is the blood returning to the heart.
Term
Veins
Definition
Larger vessels carrying unoxygenated blood from the venules to the heart. Vein walls contain smooth muscle but also a lot of elastic and collagen fibers. Tremendously distensible; can dilate and constrict greatly. Veins serve as a blood reservoir when there is a large amount of fluid or excess blood volume. Happens until the kidneys can excrete excess volume. As we get older, our vessels get lined with collagen and are less expansile which leads to increased blood pressure with increased volume.
Term
Vein Valves
Definition
Because the pressure in the veins is so low compared to the pressure in the arteries, we have valves that prevent veinous blood from flowing back down due to gravity or pressure.
Term
3 Layers of the Vessel Walls
Definition

1) Tunica Externa-aka-Adventicia: made of loose aereolar connective tissue w/ lots of collagen and elastic fibers.

2) Tunica Media: thickest layer, lots of elastic fibers w/lots of smooth muscle, oriented in concentric rings.

3) Tunica Externa-aka-Intima: made of endothelium (looks like simple squamous epithelium).

Term
Intimal Thickening
Definition
The thickening of the internal layer. An indicator of cardiovascular disease.
Term
Blood Flow
Definition
The amount of blood flowing through a vessel or organ per unit time.
Term
2 Factors Affecting Flow Rate
Definition

1) Pressure: stress exterted on a vessel wall as blood flows through it.

2) Resistance: a force that opposes or resists movement.

Term
Rules Regarding Pressure
Definition

1) Pressure is directly proportional to flow rate

2) If we increase the pressure gradient, flow rate will increase as well.

3) Fluids always flow from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. 

Term
Pressures within the Vessels
Definition

Aorta: 100mmHg

Arteries: 100-40mmHg

Arterioles: 40-25mmHg

Capillaries: 25-12mmHg

Venules: 12-8mmHg

Veins: 10-5mmHg

Vena Cava: 2mmHg

Right Atrium: 1-0mmHg

Term
3 Factors Affecting Resistance
Definition

1) Vessel diameter: the larger the diameter of the vessel, the greater the flow rate.

2) Fluid viscosity: the thickness of the fluid. Blood is 5x thicker than water => takes more pressure to push blood

3) Turbulence: can slow down blood flow; a disruption in laminar flow, creating eddies or swirls. Turbulence creates sound--a brewy is a sound you can hear on the surface of the skin.

Term
Systolic Pressure
Definition
The peak pressure during ventricular systole; this is the greater pressure, usually average is around 120mmHg
Term
Diastolic Pressure
Definition
The minimum pressure during ventricluar diastole. The lesser pressure of the two; usually around 80mmHg. It is the pressure your arteries are constantly under.
Term
Pulse
Definition
The expansion and recoil of an artery as the systolic pressure wave passes through it.
Term
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Definition

Reported when giving a single valve for blood pressure--an average of the blood pressure for a given period of time.

 

MAP= diastolic + (systolic - diastolic)

                       ------------------

                      3

Term
Total Peripheral Resistance
Definition
The resistance found within the entire circulatory system
Term
Peripheral Resistance
Definition
Resistance found within the arterial system.
Term
Blood Volume Effects on Blood Pressure
Definition

1) Increase in blood volume = increase in blood pressure

*typically doesn't happen though due to vein dilation

 

2) Decrease in blood volume = decrease in blood pressure

*typically doesn't happen because veins constrict to maintain homeostasis.

Term
Neural Regulation of Arterial Pressure (4 factors): Factor 1
Definition

A) Vasomotor Center: clusters of neurons in the medulla that control vessel diameter.

1) Stimulatory VMC- causes vasoconstriction

2) Inhibitory VMC- causes vasodilation

 

Term
Neural Regulation of Arterial Pressure (4 factors): Factor 2
Definition

B) Baroreceptors: responds to alterations in pressure information sent to vasomotor center.

1) Aortic Baroreceptor- monitors BP in ascending aorta

2) Carotid Sinus Baroreceptor- enlarged portion of internal carotid artery at junction of bifurcation of common carotid artery. Monitors pressure of flow to the brain through the internal carotid artery.

3) Atrial Baroreceptor- monitors pressure at the vena cava and right atrium.

 

Term
Neural Regulation of Arterial Pressure (4 factors): Factor 3
Definition

C) Chemoreceptors: sensitive to chemicals in the blood (O2, CO2, pH)

*Affects the vasomotor center and respiratory centers within the brain stem to maintain homeostasis.

1) Aortic Body- located in ascending aorta

2) Carotid Body- located at the junction of internal and external carotid arteries.

Term
Neural Regulation of Arterial Pressure (4 factors): Factor 4
Definition

D) Autonomic Nervous System Control

1) Sympathetic Stimulation- release of Epi/Norepi. Acts on centers to increase cardiac output and cause vasoconstriction of visceral vessels and vasodilation of skeletal muscle vessels.

2) Parasympathetic Stimulation- release of ACH. Decrease in cardiac output and causes vasodilation of visceral vessels and vasoconstriction of skeletal muscle vessels.

Term
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure (4 parts): Part 1
Definition

1) ADH- Antidiuretic Hormone: released by the posterior pituitary gland. Increases blood pressure when it falls too low. Aka- Argenine vasopressin. Functions 2 ways:

a) stimulates kidneys to retain H2O, preventing loss in blood volume.

b) stimulates vasoconstriction of peripheral vessels to increase blood pressure.

Term
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure (4 parts): Part 2
Definition

2) The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: increases blood pressure.

Decreased blood flow to the kidneys => Renin release => Angiotensin (then converts to) Angiotensin I => Angoitensin II (by Angiotensin Converting Enzyme in the lungs) => Angiotensin II leads to: powerful vasoconstriction, increase in thirst, increase in ADH, increase in Aldosterone.

Term
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure (4 parts): Part 3
Definition
3) EPO (erythropoeitin): released from kidneys when blood pressure falls or O2 concentration decreases. Functions to increase red blood cell production and O2 carrying capacity. Results in increased Hematocrit and O2 carrying capacity.
Term
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure (4 parts): Part 4
Definition

4) ANH (Atrial Natriuretic Hormone/Peptide): produced by specialized cardiac cells when blood pressure increases too much. Functions to lower blood pressure. Leads to:

-an increase in water loss at the kidneys

-a decrease in thirst

-blocks antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone

Term
The 2 Major Circulatory Pathways
Definition

A) Pulmonary Circulation- functions to oxygenate blood. Unoxygenated blood leaves the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle and travels to the lungs to be oxygenated. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium.

B) Systemic Circulation- Carries oxygenated blood to the tissues and returns unoxygenated blood to the heart.

Term
Arteries of the Systemic Circulation
Definition

Ascending Aorta: largest artery. First to exit heart; its 1st branches are coronary arteries. Leads into Aortic Arch.

3 Main Branches of the Aortic Arch:

1) Brachiocephalic- 1st branch supplies R. arm and head

a) right common carotid: R. head and neck

b) right subclavian: R. upper ext. and R. upper thorax

2) L. Common Carotid- 2nd branch supplies L. side of head

3) L. Subclavian- 3rd main branch supplies L. upper ext. and L. thorax

Term
Vertebral Arteries
Definition
Both right and left vertebral arteries arise off of the subclavian of their respective sides and travel up through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae to enter the skull through foramen magnum. They come together to form the basilar artery. Supply blood to the brain.
Term
Common Carotids
Definition

Travel up just lateral to trachea and deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and split into an internal and an external carotid artery. At the level of the Hyoid bone. 

A) External Carotid: supplies blood to the head outside of the skull

B) Internal Carotid: supplies brain and tissues inside the skull. Enters skull through carotid canal.

Term
4 Main Branches of the External Carotid Artery
Definition

1) Lingual: 1st branch; supplies floor of mandible

2) Facial: 2nd branch; supplies face, travels under the mandible just anterior to the angle of the jaw. Continues medially toward the medial angle of the eye. Is tortuous for jaw movement.

3) Maxiallary: 3rd branch; supplies maxillary region

4) Temporal: 4th branch; terminal branch, supplies scalp and external jaw muscles. Pulse can be taken here.

Term
Anastomosis
Definition
Collateral blood supply; a connection between blood vessels that acts as a safety mechanism to ensure a continuous blood supply should a vessel become blocked.
Term
Circle of Willis
Definition

A circular blood supply within the skull that allows for collateral blood supply to the brain. Fed by internal carotids and basilar arteries. Considered an anastomosis.

 

Includes: the anterior cerebral artery, anterior communicating artery, middle cerebral artery, internal carotids, posterior communicating artery, posterior cerebral artery, basilar artery, and vertebral arteries.

Term
Arteries of the Upper Extremeties
Definition
Subclavian (bilateral) => Axillary => Brachial (splits into): Radial and Ulnar
Term
Arteries of the Thorax and Abdominal Cavity
Definition

1) Aortic arch: bends down to travel posteriorly to the heart and laterally to the vertebral column on the left side. 

2) Thoracic Aorta: no major branches (small intercostals)

3) Abdominal Aorta: has 7 main branches

Term
Abdominal Aorta Branches
Definition

1) Celiac Trunk- unilateral

a) left gastric- heads to stomach

b) hepatic- heads to liver

c) splenic- heads to spleen

2) Superior Mesenteric- unilateral, supplies pancreas, small intestines and first 2/3 of upper large intestines.

3) Suprarenals- bilateral, supply adrenal glands

4) Renals- bilateral, supply kidneys

5) Gonadal- bilateral, to testes or ovaries

6) Inferior Mesenteric- unilateral, supplies last 1/3 of large intestine, sigmoid colon, and rectum

7) Common Illiacs- bilateral, the abdominal aorta splits into these 2 main branches at the pelvis

Term
Common Iliac Arteries
Definition

Bilateral, split into 2 main branches:

1) Internal Iliacs: bilateral, supplies pelvic floor, urinary tract, and reproductive system.

2) External Iliacs: bilateral, travels into leg and branches into:

a) Deep Femoral: lateral to femur, wraps around leg to supply posterior lateral thigh (profunda femoris)

b) Femoral: a continuation of the ext. iliac, travels down thigh to supply posterior, anterior, and medial thigh.

Term
Popliteal Artery
Definition

Femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery as it passes behind the knee. This artery has an anastomosis with the deep femoral artery. 3 branches:

1) Anterior Tibial: supplies anterior foreleg compartment and dorsal foot to dorsalis pedis pulse.

2) Posterio Tibial: supplies posterior foreleg and plantar surface of the foot.

3) Peroneal: supplies blood to the lateral foreleg.

Term
Fetal Blood Circulation
Definition

Prior to birth, the baby receives O2 from mother's lungs, not his/her own.

Ductus Arteriosis: the connection between the aorta and pulmonary trunk before birth. Allows blood to go straight through the aorta instead of into the pulmonary trunk. After birth, this closes and becomes the Ligamentum Arteriosum. 

Foramen Ovale: hole between the L and R atrium. Bypasses the lungs though this hole. closes and becomes the Fossa Ovalis after birth.

Ductus Venosus: a duct off of the Inf. Vena Cava that leads to the placenta. Brings blood back to the heart from the placenta. Becomes Ligamentum Teres after birth.

Umbilical Vein: leads into Ductus Venosus

Umbilical Arteries: brings blood to the placenta from the internal iliacs. 

Term
Superior Vena Cava
Definition

Drains into sup. portion of body into R. atrium. Branches:

1) R. and L. Brachiocephalic Veins

*Brachiocephalics continue on as the R and L Subclavian veins at the junction of the int. and external jugular veins.

a) Ext. Jugular- bilateral, can be seen just below skin surface, drains head, neck, face, scalp, salivary glands

b) Int. Jugular- bilateral, lies inside carotid shealth w/ carotid artery and vagus nerve. Drains cranium, dural sinuses, face, and neck

2) R and L Subclavian Veins- bilateral, continue as Axillary

3) R and L Axillary Veins- continue as Brachial Veins

4) Brachial Veins- bilateral, travels up behind Humerus

Term
Azygos and Hemiazygos Veins
Definition
Drain intercostals veins into the Superior Vena Cava
Term
Inferior Vena Cava Branches
Definition

1) R and L Hepatic Veins

2) R and L Suprarenal Veins

3) R and L Renal Veins

4) Gonadal Veins- bilateral

5) R and L Common Iliac Veins

6) Internal Iliac Veins

7) Femoral Veins

8) Popliteal Veins

Term
R and L Hepatic Veins
Definition
Drain unoxygenated blood from the liver into the Inferior Vena Cava.
Term
Right and Left Suprarenal Veins
Definition
Drain Adrenal glands.
Term
Right and Left Renal Veins
Definition
Drain Kidneys
Term
Genital/Gonadal Veins
Definition

Bilateral, drain testicular or ovarian tissue.

a) Left drains into renal vein

b) Right drains into inferior vena cava

Term
Left and Right Common Iliac Veins
Definition
Come together to drain into the inferior vena cava
Term
Internal Iliac Veins
Definition
Drain blood from pelvic muscles, skin, urinary, and reproductive organs.
Term
Femoral Veins
Definition
Travel through medial, posterior aspect of deep thigh
Term
Popliteal Veins
Definition

Travel through popliteal fossa to drain into femoral veins. Has 2 branches:

1) Anterior Tibial Vein: drains anterior foreleg

2) Posterior Tibial Vein: drains posterior foreleg

Term
Great Saphenous Vein
Definition
Bilateral, branches off of the external iliac veins to travel along the medial thigh and foreleg. Drains medial leg and foreleg. Lies superficially (subcutaneously) along the medial thigh. Does not travel with the artery.
Term
Hepatic Portal System
Definition
Recieves unoxygenated, nutrient rich, blood from the digestive organs and dumps this blood into the liver to store the nutrients, detoxify harmful substances, and clean the blood of pathogens. Nutrition from the intestines goes through the Hepatic Portal Vein into the liver to be processed. Once processed, it goes up through the Hepatic Veins to the Inferior Vena Cava (which is on top of the liver) to return to the heart.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!