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Anatomy and Physiology CHAPTER 5
Anatomy and Physiology
73
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
09/16/2012

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Term
Two major regions of the skin
Definition
Epidermis and Dermis
Term
Epidermal Cells
Definition
Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells
Term
Keratinocytes
Definition
Most common, produce keratin protein, produce lamellar granules-release lipid based water repellant sealant
Term
Melanocytes
Definition
Produce pigment melanin, which moves to the keratinocytes and absorbs damaging UV rays of the sun
Term
Langerhans Cells
Definition
Arise from red bone marrow and participate in the immune response against invading microbes (break down bacteria)
Term
Merkel Cells
Definition
Serve in the sensation of touch
Term
Strata
Definition
Layers of the epidermis
Term
Stratum Basale
Definition
Deepest layer of epidermis- contains keratinocytes and stem cells that divide to produce new keratinocytes- hemidesmosomes bind keratinocytes to the basement membrane
Term
Stratum Spinosum
Definition
Cells become flattened (cells tightly connected by desmosomes giving the skin strength and flexibility)
Term
Keratohyalin
Definition
Distinctive protein in this layer- which converts intermediate filaments called tonofilaments into keratin
Term
Lamellar granules
Definition
Cells release a lipid-rich, water-repellant secretion
Term
Stratum Lucidum
Definition
Occurs only in thick skin and contains flattened, clear, dead, keratinocytes
Term
Stratum Corneum
Definition
Outer most stratum and is made of 25-30 layers of dead flat keratinocytes
Term
Callus
Definition
Abnormally thickening of stratum corneum caused by constant friction
Term
Dermis- two main regions
Definition
Second deepest layer of skin and is mainly composed of CT with relatively few cells
Term
Papillary Region
Definition
More superficial and consist of areolar CT in projections called dermal papillae
Term
Dermal Papillae
Definition
Projections that contain blood vessels that nourish the epidermis and nervous tissue for various sensations
Term
Reticular Region
Definition
Dense irregular CT with lots of collagen fibers that form a net
Term
Striae
Definition
Stretch marks that are small tears in the dermis caused by extensive stretching in pregnancy or obesity
Term
Epidermal Ridges
Definition
Reflect contours of the underlying dermis (finger prints)
Term
Melanin
Definition
Major body pigment and it varies the skin color from yellow to black - melanosomes ---melanocytes
Term
Three pigments
Definition
Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin
Term
Function of hair
Definition
Protection from UV rays, debris, insects and particles, and heat loss
Term
Shaft
Definition
Part of hair that projects from the skin
Term
Root
Definition
Part of the hair below skin surface
Term
Hair Follicle
Definition
Surrounds the root as an internal and external root sheath
Term
Bulb
Definition
Enlarged structure at the base of the hair follicle
Term
Papilla of hair
Definition
Contains blood vessels that nourish hair
Term
Matrix
Definition
Ring of cells which divide to form new hair
Term
Arrector Pili
Definition
Muscle that contracts to raise hair on skin
Term
Nail structure
Definition
Tightly packed keratinized epidermal cells and they normally grow approx. 1 mm per week
Term
Nail Root
Definition
The part underneath skin
Term
Nail Body
Definition
The visible part up to the distal end of the finger
Term
Free Edge
Definition
The part that extends past the distal end of the digit
Term
Eponychium
Definition
The narrow band of epidermis above the proximal border of the visible nail
Term
Lunula
Definition
The part moon shaped area at the base of the nail - white because it lies above a thick stratum basale in the nail matrix
Term
Nail Matrix
Definition
Where new cells are produced for nail growth
Term
Hyponychium
Definition
The thickened stratum corneum below the free edge and it se cures the nail to the finger tip
Term
Sebaceous Glands
Definition
Associated with hair and occur everywhere except for palms and soles of feet
Term
Sebum
Definition
Oily substance secreted - keeps hair and skin soft and from drying out and inhibits bacterial growth
Term
Sudoriferous Glands- two types
Definition
Eccrine and apocrine
Term
Eccrine
Definition
More common than the apocrine sweat glands- everywhere except for lips, nail beds, genitalia, and eardrums-- produce common sweat, which serves to regulate body temperature and eliminate little waste
Term
Appocrine Glands
Definition
Occur mainly in the skin of the armpit, pubic region, areolae, and beard of males
Term
Ceruminous Glands
Definition
Occur in skin of auditory canal and secrete wax (cerumen) to trap foreign particles
Term
6 Major functions of skin- Thermoregulation
Definition
Too high - body releases sweat to cool the body
Term
Blood Reservoir
Definition
Skin has blood vessels that contain a significant amount of blood
Term
Protection
Definition
From abrasion, microbes, dehydration, and UV radiation
Term
Sense
Definition
To sense physical stimuli
Term
Excretion and absorption
Definition
Some waste and ions and organic molecules are released through skin
Term
Synthesis of Vitamin D
Definition
UV activates a chemical that later becomes fit. d (calcitriol) which aids in the absorption of calcium from food
Term
Epidermal Wound Healing
Definition
Contact inhibition---move to center of wound until they are all in contact and then cell division occurs and they replace other cells and divide
Term
Deep wound healing
Definition
inflammatory phase (blod clot), migratory phase (scab), proliferative phase ( collagen and continued growth of blood vessels), maturation phase, scab falls off, fibrosis(formation of scar)
Term
Epidermis develop
Definition
From ectoderm tissue
Term
Lanugo
Definition
Delicate fetal hair
Term
Dermis develops
Definition
from Mesoderm tissue
Term
Aging
Definition
collagen fibers decrease, skin is thinner and heals more slowly
Term
Burns
Definition
skin looses thermoregulation and protection from pathogens and desiccation
Term
1st degree
Definition
affects only epidermis (sunburn)
Term
2nd degree
Definition
destroys part of dermis (blisters)
Term
3rd degree
Definition
extends into subcutaneous layer
Term
Basal cell carcinomas
Definition
make up 78% of all skin cancers and rarely metastasize
Term
Squamous cell carcinomas
Definition
make up 20% of all skin cancers, most arise from epidermis in skin lesions on sunburn
Term
Malignant melanomas
Definition
2%- arise from melanocytes and can kill patient
Term
ABCD'S
Definition
Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter
Term
Pressure Ulcers
Definition
Caused by a constant cut off blood supply because of bone pressing against an object-skin breaks and becomes infected
Term
Abrasion
Definition
Area where skin has been scraped away
Term
Athletes foot
Definition
Superficial fungal infection of the skin of the foot
Term
Comedo
Definition
collection of sebaceous material and dead cells in the hair follicle-BLACK HEAD
Term
Contact dermatitis
Definition
skin allergic reaction by chemical-poison ivy
Term
Corn
Definition
painful conical thickening of the stratum corneum of epidermis
Term
cyst
Definition
sac with a distinct connective tissue wall containing fluid or other material
Term
eczema
Definition
inflammation of the skin -red patches, dry, itchy skin
Term
Pruritis
Definition
itching, most common
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