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| Specialized for black and white vision in dim light |
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| Specialized for color vision and sharpness of vision in bright light --in central fovea in macula lutea |
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| In the center of the posterior portion of the retina |
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| The area of sharpest vision because of the high concentration of cones |
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| Nonvascular, just behind pupil and iris- structure= crystallins, function=fine tunes focusing of light rays for clear vision |
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| Lens loses elasticity with aging |
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| Between iris and anterior to the lens -- filled with aqueous humor secreted by ciliary processes - flows through pupil and drains into the scleral venous sinus (canal of schlemm) |
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| The pressure in the eye produced mainly by the aqueous humor - maintains the shape of the eyeball and keeps retina smoothly applied to the choroid (clear images) |
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| Excessive intraocular pressure |
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| Large cavity, lies between lens and retina and contains a gel body |
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Refraction- bending of light rays at interface of two different media-anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea and of the lens refract entering light rays so the focus is clear ---images are upside down on the retina and then rearranged by the brain to produce perception-lens fine tunes images
Accomodation- ciliary muscle contracts to to focus on near objects -far objects=muscle relaxes |
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| Autonomic reflex- happens along with accommodation |
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| When eyeball moves medially so they are both directed toward an object being viewed |
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| Cant focus at distance (concave lens) nearsighted |
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| Cant focus up close (convex lens) farsighted |
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| Irregular curvature of the cornea or lens |
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| Absorption of light by photopigments in rods and cones which is then converted into graded potentials |
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| Colored Proteins that undergo structural changes (bend) upon light absorption |
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| blue, green, yellow/orange |
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| PIGMENT Derivative of vit. A - from carotenoids--responds to photons by twisting on a central carbon bond (cis to trans shape) |
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| Light alters shape of retinal --Triggers receptor potentials in rods and cones, which block the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter glutamate that then triggers graded potentials in a nearby neuron |
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| Deficiency of rhodospin may cause nigh tblindness |
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| Collects sound waves and passes them inwards (auricle/pinna, external auditory canal/meatus, tympanic membrane/eardrum |
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| Small, air filled cavity in the temporal bone that is lined by epithelium (auditory tube, auditory ossicles, oval window, and round window) bones=malleus, incus, stapes |
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| Series of cavities in the temporal bone - lined with periosteum and contains perilymph |
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| Oval central portion of bony labyrinth |
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| Series of sacs and tubes lying inside and having same form as bony labyrinth- lined with epithelium- fluid= endolymph |
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Vestibular branch- balance
Cochlear branch- hearing |
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| 3 spirals- divided into three channels (Y shape) |
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| Continuation of membranous labyrinth filled with endolymph |
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| Starts at oval window and becomes scala tympani that ends at round window- perilymph |
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| Separates cochlear duct from scala vestibula |
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| Separates cochlear duct from scala tympani |
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| Optic nerve-optice chiasm-optic tract-thalamus- occipital lobes of cerebal cortex |
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| Three semicircular canals |
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Definition
| Projecting upward from vestibule - each is arranged at right angles , enlarges into ampulla (swelling) |
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| Rests on basilar membrane-hearing organ |
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| Delicate and flexible gelatinous membrane that projects over and in contact with hair cells of the spiral organ |
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| Info in form of vibrating molecules hits tympanic membrane, ossicles magnify 20x, and vibrates fluid on the other side of the oval window, helicotrema and pressure wave goes back down and out of oval window |
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| Relative to force of gravity |
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| Saccule and Utricle- Gravity |
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| In response to rotational acceleration and deceleration |
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| Gelatinous otolithic membrane |
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| Contain calcium carbonate crystals called otoliths that move when you tip your head and move the hair cells |
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Definition
Dynamic equilibrium- cristae in the ampulae
fluid in canals stays in place and bends the cupula and bends the hair cells in the opposite direction- altering the release of the neurotransmitter |
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| Loss of transparency of lens |
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| Inflammation of the conjunctiva |
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| impairment of the cochlear or cochlear branch of the vestibularcochlear nerve |
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| Too much endolymph in the inner ear that may cause deafness and loss of equilibrium |
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| In nasal epithelium in the superior portion of the nasal cavity |
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| supporting cells of the mucuous membrane lining the nose |
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| Produce new olfactory receptors |
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| Odorant lands on mucus of superior region of nasal cavity and is dissolved- molecule binds to olfactory hair and causes depolarization and triggers one or more nerve impulses |
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| Tastant dissolves in saliva and makes contact with gustatory hairs and molecule causes depolarization of gustatory receptor cells which trigger nerve impulses |
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| Different tastants open different Ion channels |
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Definition
Salty- have Na+ which enters Na+ channels of the receptors. the accumulation of Na+ inside of the cell causes a depolarization
sweet and bitter- dont eneter the cells but bind to receptor on the plasma membrane
umami savory- monosodium glutamate |
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| Nerve impulses travel up cranial nerves- medulla oblongata-thalamus-cerbral corte-parietal lobes-primary gustatory area |
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Cerebral cortex is devoted to visual processing
visible light is electromagnetic radiation that is found between UV and in fared |
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| Shade eyes during sleep, foreign objects, spread lubrication |
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| gives form and support to the eyelids |
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| secrete fluid to keep the eye lids from adhering to each other |
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| A thin mucus membrane that lines the inner aspect of the eyelids and is reflected onto the anterior surface of the eyeball |
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| consists of structures that produce and drain tears |
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| Crying, lubrication, antimicrobial lysozome |
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| move eyeball in any direction |
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| outer coat of the eyeball |
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| Posterior- white of the eye, gives shape and protection |
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| Anterior- transparent, fibrous coat through which the iris can be seen- acts as a refraction of light |
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| Cornea receives nourishment from tears and aqueous humor |
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| attached to muscle and lens and contracts up and rounds up |
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| absorbs light rays so that they are not reflected within the eyeball- provides nutrients to the surface of the retina |
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| processes- folds on the internal surface of the ciliary body epithelial cells and secrete aqueous humor |
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| smooth muscle that alters the shape of the lens for near or far vision |
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| Black hole in the center of the iris |
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| pupil constricts, gets smaller |
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| Nervous tunic- third and inner coat of the eye, lines the posterior 3/4 of the eyeball and is the beginning of the visual pathway |
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| where the optic nerve exits the eyeball |
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| Pigment epithelium and neural portion |
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| aids the choroid in absorbing stray light rays |
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| three portions of the nerves that conduct nerve impulses - photoreceptor neurons, bipolar neurons, and ganglion neurons |
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