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Anatomy and Physiology I Test One
n/a
255
Biology
Undergraduate 3
08/29/2010

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Term
abdominal
Definition
region between the thorax and pelvis
Term
acromial
Definition
point of the shoulder
Term
antecubital
Definition
apace in front of the elbow
Term
antebrachial
Definition
forearm
Term
axillary
Definition
armpit
Term
brachial
Definition
arm
Term
buccal
Definition
cheek
Term
carpal
Definition
wrist
Term
celiac
Definition
abdomen
Term
cephalic
Definition
head
Term
cervical
Definition
neck
Term
costal
Definition
ribs
Term
coxal
Definition
hip
Term
crural
Definition
leg
Term
cubital
Definition
elbow
Term
digital
Definition
finger or tow
Term
dorsum
Definition
back
Term
femoral
Definition
thigh
Term
frontal
Definition
forehead
Term
genital
Definition
reproductive organs
Term
gluteal
Definition
buttocks
Term
inguinal
Definition
groin- depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh
Term
lumbar
Definition
region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis (loin)
Term
mammary
Definition
breast
Term
mental
Definition
chin
Term
nasal
Definition
nose
Term
occipital
Definition
lower posterior region of the head
Term
oral
Definition
mouth
Term
orbital
Definition
eye cavity
Term
otic
Definition
ear
Term
palmar
Definition
palm of the hand
Term
patellar
Definition
front of the knee
Term
pectoral
Definition
chest
Term
pedal
Definition
foot
Term
pelvic
Definition
pelvis
Term
perineal
Definition
region between the anus and the external reproductive organs
Term
plantar
Definition
sole of the foot
Term
popliteal
Definition
area behind the knee
Term
sacral
Definition
posterior region between the hipbones
Term
sternal
Definition
middle of the thorax, anteriorly
Term
sural
Definition
calf of the leg
Term
tarsal
Definition
ankle- instep of the foot
Term
umbilical
Definition
navel
Term
vertebral
Definition
spinal column
Term
cardiology
Definition
branch of medical science dealing with the heart and heart diseases
Term
dermatology
Definition
study of skin and its diseases
Term
endocrinology
Definition
study of hormones, hormone-secreting glands, and associated diseases
Term
epidemiology
Definition
the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations
Term
gastroenterology
Definition
study of the stomach and intestines, as well as their diseases
Term
geriatrics
Definition
branch of medicine dealing with older individuals and their medical problems
Term
geriatrics
Definition
branch of medicine dealing with older individuals and their medical problems
Term
gerontology
Definition
study of process of aging and the various problems of older individuals
Term
gynecology
Definition
study of the female reproductive system ad its diseases
Term
hematology
Definition
study of blood and blood diseases
Term
histology
Definition
study of the structure and function of tissues (microscopic anatomy)
Term
immunology
Definition
study of the body's resistance to disease
Term
neonatology
Definition
study of newborns and the treatment of their disorders
Term
nephrology
Definition
study of the structure, function, and diseases of the kidneys
Term
neurology
Definition
study of the nervous system in health and disease
Term
obstetrics
Definition
branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbirth
Term
oncology
Definition
study of cancers
Term
ophthalmology
Definition
study of the eye and eye diseases
Term
orthopedics
Definition
branch of medicine dealing with the muscular and skeletal systems and their problems
Term
otolaryngology
Definition
study of the ear, throat, larynx, and their diseases
Term
pathology
Definition
study of structural and functional changes within the body associated with disease
Term
pediatrics
Definition
branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases
Term
pharmacology
Definition
study of drugs and their uses in the treatment of diseases
Term
podiatry
Definition
study of the care and treatment of the feet
Term
psychiatry
Definition
branch of medicine dealing with the mind and its disorders
Term
radiology
Definition
study of X rays and radioactive substances, as well as their uses in diagnosing and treating diseases
Term
toxicology
Definition
study of poisonous substances and their effects on physiology
Term
urology
Definition
branch of medicine dealing with the urinary and male reproductive systems and their diseases
Term
superior
Definition
a part is above another part, or closer to the head
Term
inferior
Definition
a part is below another part, or toward the feet
Term
anterior (or ventral)
Definition
towards the front
Term
posterior (or dorsal)
Definition
towards the back
Term
medial
Definition
imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves... a part is medial if it is closer to this line than another part.
Term
lateral
Definition
toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline
Term
bilateral
Definition
two paired structures, one on each side
Term
ipsilateral
Definition
structures on the same side
Term
contralateral
Definition
structures on the opposite side
Term
proximal
Definition
a part closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point of reference
Term
distal
Definition
a body part is farther from the trunk or farther from another specified point of reference
Term
superficial
Definition
near the surface
Term
append
Definition
to hang something
Term
cardi
Definition
heart
Term
cerebr
Definition
brain
Term
cran
Definition
helmet
Term
dors
Definition
back
Term
homeo
Definition
same
Term
-logy
Definition
study of
Term
meta
Definition
change
Term
nas
Definition
nose
Term
orb
Definition
circle
Term
periet
Definition
wall
Term
pel
Definition
basin
Term
peri
Definition
around
Term
pleur
Definition
rib or lung area
Term
stasis
Definition
standing still
Term
super
Definition
above
Term
tomy
Definition
cutting
Term
ANATOMY
Definition
study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Term
PHYSIOLOGY
Definition
study of how the body and its parts work or function
Term
Ways A&P can be studied
Definition
1.macroscopic 2. microscopic 3.developmental 3. regional
Term
list levels of structural organization, smallest to largest
Definition
chemical-cellular-tissue-organ-organ system-organismal
Term
subatomic particles
Definition
protons, neutrons and electrons
Term
atoms
Definition
the smallest particle of an element that retains its characteristrics, composed of protons neutrons electrons
Term
How many organ systems are there?
Definition
11
Term
molecules
Definition
2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds... life O2&H2O, major biological: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
Term
cells
Definition
a unit of living matter enclosed from the surrounding environment by cell membrane composed of billions of molecules
Term
name the four major tissue types
Definition
1. epithelial 2. connective 3. muscle 4. neural
Term
organ
Definition
structure composed of 2 or more tissue types that work together to form a specific function
Term
5 things human life requires
Definition
1.Water 2.Food 3.O2 4.Heat 5.Pressure (as in circulation
Term
most abundant substance in body
Definition
water
Term
9 characteristics of life
Definition
1-responsiveness 2-growth 3-maintaining boundries (internal environment distinct from external) 4-movement 5-metabolism 6-digestion 7-respiration (gas exchange)8-excretion 9-reproduction
Term
HOMEOSTASIS
Definition
body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment even though outside world constantly changing... a dynamic state of equilibrium
Term
3 interdependent components of control mechanisms
Definition
receptor, control center, effector
Term
receptor
Definition
monitors the environments and responds to changes- neural or hormonal
Term
control center
Definition
determines the set point at which variable is maintained
Term
effector
Definition
provides the means to respond to stimuli
Term
negative feedback loop
Definition
reduce original stimulus
Term
positive feedback loop
Definition
increase original stimulus (2- blood clotting & childbirth)
Term
parietal sorosa
Definition
part of body cavity membrane that lines internal body walls
Term
visceral serosa
Definition
part of body cavity membrane that covers the internal organs
Term
serous fluid
Definition
seperates the serosae
Term
anatomical position
Definition
body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from the body
Term
10% of anatomical structures contain variability... what could be different?
Definition
nerves or blood vessels may be out of place, small muscles may be missing, organs not always symmetrical organized (1 overy more medial)
Term
sagittal
Definition
divides the body into right and left parts
Term
frontal or coronal
Definition
divides body into anterior and posterior parts
Term
transverse or horizontal
Definition
divides body into superior and inferior parts
Term
oblique section
Definition
cuts made diagonally
Term
name the 11 organ systems
Definition
integument, skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive (male & female)
Term
integument system major parts
Definition
skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, nails
Term
integument system major functions
Definition
external body covering, protects deep tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D
Term
integument system interaction
Definition
houses cutaneous nerve receptors
Term
skeletal system major components
Definition
bone, cartilage, ligaments
Term
skeletal system major function
Definition
protects and supports body organs, provides framework for muscles, stores minerals
Term
skeletal system interaction
Definition
sites of blood cell formation
Term
muscular system major components
Definition
muscles and tendons
Term
muscular system major functions
Definition
manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression, maintains posture, produces heat
Term
nervous system major components
Definition
brain, spinal column, nerves
Term
nervous system major function
Definition
fast-acting control system, responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
Term
cardiovascular system major components
Definition
heart and blood vessels
Term
cardiovascular system major functions
Definition
pumps blood, transports blood throughout body, delivers o2 and nutrients, removes co2 and waste
Term
endocrine system major components
Definition
pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testis, ovary
Term
endocrine system major functions
Definition
responsible for maintaining homeostasis, secretes hormones regulating growth, reproduction, and metabolism
Term
lymphatic system major components
Definition
red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
Term
lymphatic system major functions
Definition
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, disposes of debris in lymphatic stream, houses white blood cells involved with immunity
Term
respiratory system major organs
Definition
nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Term
respiratory system major functions
Definition
supply blood with o2 and removes co2
Term
digestive system major organs
Definition
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver
Term
digestive system major functions
Definition
breaks down food into absorbable units that enter blood, eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
Term
urinary system major organs
Definition
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Term
urinary system major functions
Definition
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body, regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood
Term
male reproductive system major components
Definition
prostate, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
Term
male reproductive system major functions
Definition
production of offspring, testes produce sperm and male sex hormones, ducts and glands deliver sperm to female reproductive tract
Term
female reproductive system major organs
Definition
mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
Term
female reproductive system major functions
Definition
production of offspring, produce eggs and female sex hormones, site for fertilization and development of fetus, produce milk to nourish newborn
Term
iso
Definition
equal
Term
syn
Definition
together
Term
-lyt
Definition
dissolvable
Term
-valent
Definition
having power
Term
energy
Definition
the capacity to do work
Term
matter
Definition
anything that has mass and takes up space
Term
solid
Definition
definite shape and volume
Term
liquid
Definition
definite volume, changeable shape
Term
gas
Definition
changeable volume and shape
Term
element
Definition
substance w/unique properties that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
Term
protons
Definition
mass- 1 unit per proton, positive charge
Term
neutrons
Definition
have mass- 1 unit per neutron, no charge
Term
electron
Definition
no mass, negative charge, found in orbitals
Term
ion
Definition
particle that is electrically charged due to gain or lost electrons
Term
molecular formula
Definition
shorthand way of writing what atoms are in a molecule
Term
how are atoms identified?
Definition
number of protons they have
Term
Isotopes
Definition
same number of protons, different number of neutrons
Term
hydrogen
Definition
H
Term
nitrogen
Definition
N
Term
major elements of human body
Definition
O, C, H, N (oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen)
Term
Calcium
Definition
Ca
Term
phosphorus
Definition
P
Term
potassium
Definition
K
Term
sulphur
Definition
S
Term
sodium
Definition
Na
Term
chlorine
Definition
Cl
Term
magnesium
Definition
Mg
Term
iodine
Definition
I
Term
iron
Definition
Fe
Term
how many known shells of electrons?
Definition
7
Term
valence shell
Definition
outermost electron shell- determines behavior
Term
inert atoms
Definition
have complete valance shells and are stable
Term
reactive atoms
Definition
incomplete valence shells- not stable
Term
ionic bonds
Definition
at least one electron is transferred from one atom to another (donated, received)
Term
covalent bonds
Definition
2 or more atoms share electrons
Term
ions
Definition
charges atoms resulting from the gain or loss of electrons
Term
anions
Definition
gained one or more electrons, negative charge
Term
anions
Definition
gained one or more electrons, negative charge
Term
cations
Definition
lost one or more electron, have positive charge
Term
non-polar covalent bonds
Definition
electrically neutral b/c atoms share electron equally
Term
polar covalent bonds
Definition
electrically charged b/c electron not shared equally (heavier weight= more gravity)
Term
hydrogen bonds
Definition
when hydrogen is attracted to negative portion of polar molecule- water surface
Term
synthesis reaction
Definition
A+B=AB, energy absorbed for bond formation
Term
decomposition reaction
Definition
AB=A+B, energy released
Term
exchange reaction
Definition
AB+C=AC+B, involves both synthesis and decomp reactions
Term
factors influencing rate of chemical reactions
Definition
temperature, particle size, concentration, catalysts
Term
biochemestry
Definition
study of chemical composition and reactions in living matter
Term
organic compounds
Definition
contain carbon, covalently boned, are often large
Term
inorganic compounds
Definition
all other chemicals in body, water, salts, many acids and bases, generally lack carbon
Term
special characteristics of water
Definition
high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polarity/solvent properties, chemical reactivity, cushions the body
Term
acids
Definition
release H+ and are therefore proton donors in water
Term
bases
Definition
release OH- and are proton acceptors
Term
pH
Definition
negative logarithmic scale
Term
pH buffers
Definition
compounds that can absorb both H+ and OH- ions and minimize change in pH
Term
carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
Definition
buffer system for body
Term
example of acid
Definition
apple juice
Term
example of base
Definition
household ammonia
Term
salts
Definition
ionic compounds other than H+ and OH-, vital to body functions
Term
name the 4 organic compounds
Definition
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 1:2:1, includes sugars and starches, classified according to size
Term
monosaccharides- monomers
Definition
represented as rings, building blocks of carbohydrates, glucose, ribose, deoxyribose
Term
disaccharides
Definition
formed by joining 2 monosaccharides and the loss of a water molecule, sucrose, lactose
Term
ploysaccharides
Definition
many sugars, long chain, starch, glycogen, breakdown=many H2O molecules released
Term
starch
Definition
polysaccharide energy storage molecule formed by plants
Term
glycogen
Definition
polysaccharide energy storage molecule formed by animals (liver)
Term
carbohydrate 2 functions
Definition
1-provide a easily used source of energy stored in the bonds between the atoms, stored as glycogen or fat 2- part of cellular membranes
Term
Lipids
Definition
Term
Lipids
Definition
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, insoluble in water due to lack of polarity... neutral fats or triglycerides phospholipids, steriods
Term
building blocks of lipids
Definition
fatty acid chains with a COOH at end attached to glycerol blackbones
Term
Lipids
Definition
triglycerides, phospholipids, steriods
Term
proteins
Definition
basic structural material of the body, made from amino acids
Term
How many levels of protein structure?
Definition
four
Term
protein shape
Definition
structural proteins- fibrous and strand like provide strength for the building of body, functional proteins- globular and move around the body assist in biological processes
Term
denaturing proteins
Definition
temp, ph, changes the shape and renders the protein non-functional (but not the amino acid)
Term
enzymes
Definition
globular proteins that act as catalysts
Term
nucleic acids
Definition
blueprints for life- DNA RNA composed of phosphate group, sugar and base
Term
ATP
Definition
Adenosine Triphosphate stores energy in a form usable to cell
Term
diffusion
Definition
(passive transport) movement of molecule from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
Term
osmosis
Definition
diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
Term
osmolarity
Definition
total concentration of solute particles in a solution
Term
tonicity, isotonic
Definition
Term
hypertonic
Definition
solution w/ greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol
Term
hypotonic
Definition
solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol
Term
filtration
Definition
movement of molecule from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure
Term
active transport processes
Definition
use bond energy (ATP)to transport substances unable to pass by diffusion or filtration
Term
2 forms of active transport
Definition
solute pumping and vesicular transport
Term
vesicular transport- Exocytosis
Definition
moves material out of the cell in membranous vesicle
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
stuff engulfed by being enclosed into a membranous vesicle
Term
pinocytosis
Definition
like phagocytosis with liquids
Term
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Definition
phagocytosis of specific things as indicated by receptors
Term
cell 3 main regions
Definition
nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane
Term
interphase order
Definition
G1-growth stage, S-DNA replicated and growth G2-centriole replication and final prep for division
Term
Mitosis
Definition
cell replicates itself through division
Term
prophase
Definition
centromeres migrate to poles
Term
metaphase
Definition
spindle from centromeres attach to chromosomes that are aligned in center of cell
Term
anaphase
Definition
daughter chromosomes pulled toward poles, cell elongates
Term
telophase
Definition
daughter nuclei begin forming, cleavage furrow begins to form
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