Term
|
Definition
1) Transportation
Gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products
2) Regulation
pH, body temperature, osmotic pressure
3) Protection
Clotting, white blood cells, proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Blood plasma
2) Formed elements |
|
|
Term
| Blood plasma – water liquid extracellular matrix |
|
Definition
91.5% water, 8.5% solutes (primarily proteins)
Hepatocytes synthesize most plasma proteins
Albumins, fibrinogen, antibodies
Other solutes include electrolytes, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, gases and waste products |
|
|
Term
| Formed elements – cells and cell fragments |
|
Definition
Red blood cells (RBCs): erythrocytes
White blood cells (WBCs): leukocytes
Platelets: thrombocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
7% PROTEINS
91.5% WATER
1.5% SOLUTE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
54% ALBUMINS
38% GLOBULINS
7% FIBROGENS
1% ALL OTHERS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ELECTROLYTES
NUTRIENTS
GASES
REGULATORY SUBSTANCES
WASTE PRODUCTS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
150K-400K PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)
5K-10K (WBC) LEUKOCYTES
4.8 - 5.4 MIL (RBC) (ERYTHOCYTES) |
|
|
Term
| 5K- 10K WHITE BLOOD CELLS |
|
Definition
60- 70% NEUTROPHILS
20-25% LYMPHOCYTES
3-8% MONOCYTES
2-4% EOSINOPHILS
0.5- 1% BASOPHILS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Hemopoiesis or hemotopoiesis
2) Red bone marrow primary site
3) Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to develop into many different types of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PRODUCE 2 KINDS
1)Myeloid stem cells
2) Lymphoid stem cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Give rise to:
1) red blood cells,
2) platelets,
3) monocytes,
4) neutrophils,
5) eosinophils
6) basophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
give rise to:
Lymphocytes (B-CELL, T-CELL, AND NK) |
|
|
Term
| Hemopoiesis OR hemotopoiesis |
|
Definition
| The process of differentiation into red blood cells. All cellular blood components are derived from haematopoietic stem cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
EOSINOPHIL
BASOPHILS
NEUTROPHILS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MONOCYTES
T- LYMPHOCYTES (T-CELL)
B- LYMPHOCYTES (B-CELL)
NATURAL KILLER (NK) |
|
|
Term
| PROGENITOR CELL > PROERYTHOBLAST > RETICULOCYTE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PROGENITOR CELL > MEGAKARYOTE > MEGAKARYOBLAST > MEGAKARYOCYTE > |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Red Blood Cells/ Erythrocytes |
|
Definition
1) Contain oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin
2) Production = destruction with at least 2 million new RBCs per second
3) Biconcave disc – increases surface area
4) Strong, flexible plasma membrane
Glycolipids in plasma membrane responsible for ABO and Rh blood groups
5) Lack nucleus and other organelles
A) No mitochondria – doesn’t use oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) are lipids with a carbohydrate attached.
2) to provide energy
3) serve as markers for cellular recognition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Globin – 4 polypeptide chains
Heme in each of 4 chains
1) Iron ion can combine reversibly with one oxygen molecule
2) transports 23% of total carbon dioxide
3) Combines with amino acids of globin
4) Nitric oxide (NO) binds to hemoglobin
A) Releases NO causing vasodilation to improve blood flow and oxygen delivery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Live only about 120 days
2) Cannot synthesize new components – no nucleus
3) Ruptured red blood cells removed from circulation and destroyed by fixed phagocytic macrophages in spleen and liver
4) Breakdown products recycled
5) Globin’s amino acids reused
6) Iron reused
7) Non-iron heme ends as yellow pigment urobilin in urine or brown pigment stercobilin in feces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Starts in red bone marrow with proerythroblast
2) Cell near the end of development ejects nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte
3) Develop into mature RBC within 1-2 days
4) Negative feedback balances production with destruction
4) Controlled condition is amount of oxygen delivery to tissues
5) Hypoxia stimulates release of erythropoietin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pathological condition in which the body as a whole or region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply |
|
|
Term
| White Blood Cells/ Leukocytes |
|
Definition
1) Have nuclei
2) Do not contain hemoglobin
3) Granular or agranular based on staining highlighting large conspicuous granules
4) Granular leukocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
5) Agranular leukocytes
Lymphocytes and monocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) control mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma.
2) Release histaminase, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and effective against certain parasitic worms
2) combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) has 2 lobes. The mast cell, a cell in tissues, has many similar characteristics.
2) leave capillaries and release granules containing heparin, histamine and serotonin, at sites of inflammation
Intensify inflammatory reaction
Involved in hypersensitivity reactions (allergies)
2) both cell types store histamine, a chemical that is secreted by the cells when stimulated in certain ways (histamine causes some of the symptoms of an allergic reaction). |
|
|
Term
| NEUTROPHILS (Attracted by chemotaxis) |
|
Definition
active phagocytes:
1)nucleus divided into 2-5 lobes
2) FIGHT bacterial infection and some cancers
3) neutrophils are one of first-responders of inflammatory cells to migrate toward the site of inflammation
5) respond most quickly to tissue damage by bacteria
Uses lysozymes, strong oxidants, defensins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) ANTIBODIES: T CELL, B CELL, NK
2) SMALL PLASMA- LOTS NUCLEOUS |
|
|
Term
| MONOCYTES (Attracted by chemotaxis) |
|
Definition
active phagocytes:
1) HORSE-SHOE SHAPE
2) Tissues monocytes mature into
macrophages
3) take longer to arrive but arrive in larger numbers and destroy more microbes
4) Enlarge and differentiate into macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Leukopenia/leukocytopenia, or leucopenia |
|
Definition
| is a decrease in the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) found in the blood, which places individuals at increased risk of infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) is a raised white blood cell count above the normal range.
2) Leukocytosis is a sign that needs to be taken seriously,as it can be as sign of life threatening bacterial infections such as sepsis,pneumonia,and meningitis,or,less commonly,a malignancy such as leukemia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Usually live a few days
2) Except for lymphocytes – live for months or years
3) Far less numerous than RBCs
4) Leukocytosis is a normal protective response to invaders, strenuous exercise, anesthesia and surgery
5) Leukopenia is never beneficial
6) General function to combat invaders by phagocytosis or immune responses |
|
|
Term
| diapedesis OR LEUKOCYTES EXTRAVASATION |
|
Definition
| Leukocyte extravasation is the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system, towards the site of tissue damage or infection. T |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an anticoagulant substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) vasoconstrictor
2) antidepressants
3) "happy" hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destroying bacteria and inactivating their toxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells |
|
|
Term
| Natural Killer (NK) cells |
|
Definition
| attack a wide variety of infectious microbes and certain tumor cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Myeloid stem cells develop eventually into a megakaryocyte
2) Splinters into 2000-3000 fragments
3) Each fragment enclosed in a piece of plasma membrane
4) Disc-shaped with many vesicles but no nucleus
5) Help stop blood loss by forming platelet plug
6) Granules contain blood clot promoting chemicals
7) Short life span – 5-9 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Bone marrow transplant
2) Cord-blood transplant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Stem cells obtained from umbilical cord shortly before birth
2) Easily collected and can be stored indefinitely
3) Less likely to cause graft-versus-host-disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Recipient's red bone marrow replaced entirely by healthy, noncancerous cells to establish normal blood cell counts
2) Takes 2-3 weeks to begin producing enough WBCs to fight off infections
3) Graft-versus-host-disease – transplanted red bone marrow may produce T cells that attack host tissues |
|
|
Term
| 3 mechanisms reduce blood loss |
|
Definition
1) Vascular spasm
2) Platelet plug formation
3) Blood clotting (coagulation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Platelets stick to parts of damaged blood vessel, become activated and accumulate large numbers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smooth muscle in artery or arteriole walls contracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Serum is blood plasma minus clotting proteins
2) Clotting – series of chemical reactions culminating in formation of fibrin threads
3) Clotting (coagulation) factors – Ca2+, several inactive enzymes, various molecules associated with platelets or released by damaged tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Extrinsic or intrinsic pathways lead to formation of prothrombinase
Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin
Thrombin converts fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble) forming the threads of the clot |
|
|
Term
| Blood Clotting: Common pathway |
|
Definition
1) Marked by formation of prothrombinase
2) Prothrombinase with Ca2+ catalyzes conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
3) Thrombin with Ca2+ converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
4) Thrombin has 2 positive feedback effects
A) Accelerates formation of prothrombinase
B) Thrombin activates platelets
C) Clot formation remains localized because fibrin absorbs thrombin and clotting factor concentrations are low |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
based on presence or absence of various antigens
1) At least 24 blood groups and more than 100 antigens
A) ABO and Rh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surface of RBCs contain genetically determined assortment of antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Based on A and B antigens
2) Type A blood has only antigen A
3) Type B blood has only antigen B
4) Type AB blood has antigens A and B
5) Universal recipients – neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies
6) Type O blood has neither antigen
(Universal donor)
7) Reason for antibodies presence not clear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) normally, blood plasma does not contain anti-RH antibodies
2) if blood from Rh+ fetus contacts Rh-mother during birth, anti-Rh antibodies are made
1) Affect is on second Rh+ baby |
|
|
