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Definition
| Movement, stability, control of body openings and passages, heat production |
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Definition
| thin sleep of loose connective tissue that surround each muscle fiber |
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Definition
| thicker connective tissue sheath that wraps muscles fibers together in buddies called fascicles |
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Definition
| Fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle |
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| sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups form each other and from the subcutaneous tissue. |
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Definition
| the muscle ends conspicuously short of its bony destination |
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Definition
| fibrous band or sheet attaching muscle to bone |
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| little separation between muscle and bone to the make eye |
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| muscle that produces most of the force during a particular joint action |
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Definition
| muscle that aids the prime mover |
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Definition
| muscle that opposes the prime mover |
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| muscle that prevents a bone from moving |
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Definition
| entirely contained within a particular region |
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Definition
| acts upon a designated region but has its origin elsewhere |
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Definition
| plasma membrane of a muscle fiber |
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Definition
| cytoplasm in sarcolemma occupied by long protein odds (myofibrils) |
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Term
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Definition
| embryonic development of muscle fiber |
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Term
| Function of satellite cells in muscles |
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Definition
| If injured, the cells can multiply and produce new muscle fibers to a degree. |
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Term
| The parasympathetic division..... |
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Definition
| Responsible for hear rate, gland secretions, and the relaxation response after stimulation |
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Term
| Two types of cholinergic receptors |
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Definition
| nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| all excited by ACh, ANS ganglia, adrenal medulla, skeletal muscle |
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Definition
| some cells excited, others inhibited (excite intestine but inhibit cardiac), gland , smooth muscle and cardiac muscle |
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Term
| When the parasympathetic divisions stimulate, what neurotransmitter is real ease at the effector organ? |
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Definition
| acetylcoline is the post synaptic neurotransmitter released |
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Term
| When norepinephrine binds to beta-adrenergic receptors on bronchioles (air tubes in lungs), is it most likely binding to _____ receptors. |
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Definition
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Term
| During a fight or flight response, which type of receptor on the pilioerector muscle responds to the released neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
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| Correctly ordered pathway of nerve transmission taking place in the body when running away? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates SNS, bruxism, poor oral hygiene, hyposalivation |
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Term
| Is dual innervation by SNS and PNS always necessary? |
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Definition
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Definition
| limbic system connects conscious thoughts with hypothalamus |
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Definition
| major controller of visceral motor system (hunger, thirst, temp reg., emotions, etc) |
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Term
| How many skeletal muscles re in the human body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ture or False: Skeletal muscles are voluntary and require conscious stimulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two points of attachment in skeletal muscles? |
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Definition
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Definition
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| What are the characteristics of muscle tissue? |
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Definition
| excitability (responsiveness), conductivity, contractility, extensibility, elasticity. |
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Term
| What bands of muscles are dark bands? Light bands? |
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Definition
Dark bands: Anisotropic (A) bands
Light bands: Isotropic (I) bands |
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Term
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Definition
| middle of A band; thick filaments only |
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Term
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Definition
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| Characteristics of I band |
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Definition
| alternating lighter bands; stands for isotropic |
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Definition
provides anchorage for thin filaments and elastic filaments
(bisects I band) |
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Term
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Definition
segment from Z disc to Z disc
(functional contractile unit of muscle fiber) |
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Term
| WHy do muscle cells shorten ? |
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Definition
| Because their individual sarcomeres shorten |
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Term
| What three myofilaments are found in myofibrils? |
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Definition
| Thick, thin, and elastic filaments. |
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Term
| What are the contractile proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the regulatory proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What determines calcium availability? |
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Definition
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum, terminal cisternae, and t tubules (triad) |
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Term
| What happens when nerve connections are severed or poisoned? |
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Definition
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Definition
| Shrinkage of paralyzed muscle when connection not restored |
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Definition
| nerve cells whose ell bodies are in the brainstem and spinal cord that serve skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
their axons that lead to the skeletal muscle
-each nerve fiber branches out to a number of muscle fibers
-each muscle fiber is supplied by only one motor neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it |
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Term
| Characteristics of muscle fibers of one motor unit |
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Definition
-dispersed throughout the muscle
-contract in unison
-produce weak contraction over wide area
-provides ability to sustain long term contraction as motor units take turns contracting (postural control)
-effective contraction usually requires the contraction of several motor units at once |
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Term
| An average motor unit consists of how many muscle fibers? |
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Definition
| 200 muscle fibers for each motor unit |
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Term
| Small motor units have what kind of control |
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Definition
| fine degree control (eye and hand muscles) |
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Term
| Small motor units have how many muscle fibers per neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| Large motor units have what control? |
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Definition
| more strength than control, many muscle fibers per motor unit |
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Term
| Large motor units have how many muscle fibers per neuron? |
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Definition
| powerful contraptions supplied by large motor units (example: gastrocnemius has 1000 muscle fibers per neuron) |
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Term
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Definition
| point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell |
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Term
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Definition
| swollen end of nerve fiber |
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Term
| The synaptic knob contains what? |
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Definition
| Contains synaptic vesicles filled with acetylcholine (ACh) |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny gap between synaptic knob and muscle sarcolemma |
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Term
| What do schwann cells do with NMJ? |
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Definition
| the cell envelops and isolates all of the NMJ from surrounding tissue fluid |
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Term
| synaptic vesicles undergo what? |
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Definition
| exocytosis releasing ACh into synaptic cleft |
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Term
| How many ACH receptors are incorporated into muscle cell plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| 50 million ACh receptors- proteins incorporated into muscle cell plasma |
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Term
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Definition
thin layer of collagen and glycoprotein separates Schwann cell and entire muscle cel from surrounding tissues
-contains acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that breaks down ACh after contractions causing relaxation |
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Term
| Effets of pesticides that contain cholinesterase |
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Definition
| -bind to AChE and prevent it form degrading ACh |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of continual contraction of the muscles; possible suffocation |
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Term
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Definition
| form of spastic paralysis caused by toxin Clostridium tetani |
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Term
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Definition
| a state in which the muscles are limp and cannot contract |
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Term
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Definition
| type of food poisoning caused by a neuromuscular toxin secreted by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum |
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Term
| How does botulism effect the body? (physiology of sickness) |
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Definition
| blocks release of ACh causing flaccid paralysis |
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Term
| The specific part of the sacromere structure that is only occupied by thick filaments and is lighter in color that the rest of that particular band is called the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Four major phases of contraction and relaxation |
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Definition
| excitation, excitation- contraction coupling, contraction, relaxation |
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Term
| Phases of contraction: excitation |
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Definition
| the process in which nerve action potentials lead to muscle action potentials |
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Term
| Phases fo contraction: excitation- contraction coupling |
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Definition
| events that link the action potentials on the sarcolemma to activation of the myofilaments, thereby preparing them to contract |
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Term
| Phases of contraction: contraction |
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Definition
| step in which the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten |
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Term
| Phases fo contraction: relaxation |
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Definition
| when its work is done, a muscle fiber relaxes and returns to its resting length |
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Term
| What happens in excitation? |
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Definition
-nerve signal opens volatage-gated calcium channels in synaptic knob
-Ca stimulates exoyctosis of ACh from synaptic vesicles
-ACh released into synaptic cleft |
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Term
| During excitation, what binds to each receptor protein? What does it cause? |
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Definition
| two ACh molecules, opens Na+ and K+ channels |
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Term
| What happens in excitation- contraction coupling? |
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Definition
-action potential speeds down into T tubules
-opens votage-gated ion channels in t tubules and Ca+2 cahnnels in SR
-Ca+2 enters the cytosol |
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Term
| During expiation- contraction coupling, what does Ca bind to? |
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Definition
| troponin in the thin filaments |
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Term
| What happens during relaxation? |
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Definition
-nerve stimulation and ACh release stop
-AChE breaks down ACh and fragments reabsorbed into synaptic knob
-stimulation by ACh stops |
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Term
| What makes a contraction strong? |
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Definition
| length-thension relation ship (optimal overlap) and cross-sectional area force relationship |
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Term
| Where do muscles get ATP? |
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Definition
| anaerobic fermentation and aerobic respiration |
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Term
When a muscle is at rest, which of the following is not associated chemically with the others?
-actin
-myosin
-troponin
-tropomyosin
-two of these |
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Definition
| tropomyosin blocks ACh receptors. |
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Term
| What kinds of smooth muscles are there? |
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Definition
| multi-unit and single-unit(visceral muscle) |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle contraction without appreciable shortening or change in distance between its origin and insertion. |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle contraction without appreciable change in the force of contraction; the distance between the muscle's origin and insertion becomes lessened |
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Term
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Definition
| contraction resulting in shortening of a muscle, used to perform positive work or to accelerate a body part. It is metabolically more demanding than an eccentric contraction. Called also shortening contraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| contraction in the presence of a resistive force that results in elongation of a muscle, used to perform negative work or to decelerate a body part. It is less metabolically demanding than a concentric contraction but may cause disruption of associated connective tissue with delayed soreness or frank injury if it occurs in an unaccustomed manner. Called also lengthening contraction. |
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Term
| ______surrounds each muscle fascicles, whereas_______surrounds each muscle fiber. |
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Definition
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Term
| The enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum near the T tubules are the______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Draw a sacromere and label these.... A band, I band, H zone, Z line (AKA A disc), titian, thin and thick filament. |
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Definition
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