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anatomy and physiology A
exam
199
Science
12th Grade
11/20/2011

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Term
an investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how temperaturechanges affect the rate at which the heart is most likely a...
Definition
pysiologist
Term
the structure of a body part is closely related to its function
Definition
true
Term
what are the levels of organization
Definition
atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell
Term

which of the following includes all the others:

excretion

digestion

respiration

matabolism

absorption

Definition
metabolism
Term
the traits that humans share with pther organisms are called charascteristics of life
Definition
true
Term
the ability of an organism to sense changes in its body is an example of
Definition
responsivness
Term
metabolism is defined as
Definition
all of the chemical reactions in the body that break down and build up substances.
Term
the building up phase of metabolism is called
Definition
anabolism
Term
the breaking down phase of metabolism is called
Definition
catabolism
Term
incorporating substances into the body and changing them to chemically different forms is called.
Definition
assimilation
Term

which is not required from the envionrment for the maintenance of life:

water

 food

carbon dioxide

pressure

heat

Definition
carbon dioxide
Term
requiremtns fro humans do not include
Definition
light
Term

which of the following processes is not concerned with mataining the life of an adult organism:

responsivness

movement

reproduction

metabolism

assimilation

Definition
reproduction
Term
heat is a form of energy
Definition
true
Term
homeostasis refers to
Definition
maintaining internal conditions
Term
heat helps determine the rate of metabolic reactions
Definition
true
Term
an example of homestatic mechanism
Definition
shivering in response to a drop in body temperature
Term
water is
Definition

the most abundant chemical in the body,

a major component of the extrecellular fluid,

a component of the interal environment,

and a requirment of life.

Term

which of the following directly cause the changes in the internal environment needed to maitain homeostasis:

receptors

effectors

setpoint

 

Definition
receptors
Term
the organ system responsible for the integration and coordination are the nervous and endocrine
Definition
true
Term
the digestive system filters wastes from the blood and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
Definition
false
Term
the muscular system is responsible for body movements, maintenance of posture and production of body heat.
Definition
true
Term
when a body is in the anatomical position, it is
Definition
standing erect with the face forward
Term
all of the food that we eat , liquids that we drink and medications that we take are
Definition
chemicals
Term
chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the compostion of matter
Definition
true
Term

which is not an element

iron

oxygen

water

carbon

hygrogen

Definition
water
Term
matter is anything that has weight and takes up space
Definition
true
Term
all matter is composed of atoms of fundamental substances called
Definition
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.
Term
an element with an atomic number of 6 contains 12 protons
Definition
false
Term
which of the following is the number of elements living organisms reguire
Definition
20
Term
the atomic weight of an atom of an element equals the number of nuetrons in its nucleus
Definition
false
Term
the electrons of an atom occupy one or more areas of space are called
Definition
shells
Term
the atoms of the isotopes of a particular element vary in the number of
Definition
neutrons
Term
the elctronsin the outermost shell of an atom determine its
Definition
chemical behavior
Term
sodium and chloride ions readily combine because they have opposite charges
Definition
true
Term
an atom that has gained or lost electrons in called an ion
Definition
true
Term
the first electron shell of an atom can hold a maximum of
Definition
2 electrons
Term
a covalent bond is formed by two atoms that share electrons
Definition
true
Term
the molecular frmula for compounds like sodium chloride give the ralative amounts of each element present
Definition
true
Term
the formula H2O means
Definition
a molecule contains 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom
Term
if two pair of electrons are shared, the resulting bond is called a double covalent bond
Definition
true
Term
the attraction of the positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule is called
Definition
hydrogen  bond
Term
when two or more atoms bond, they form a new kind of particle called a molecule
Definition
true
Term
a molucule of a compound alwas contains definite kinds and numbers of atoms
Definition
true
Term
water is an example of a compound
Definition
true
Term
a molecular formula represents the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule
Definition
true
Term
if the bonds of a reactant molecule break so that the simpler molecules, atoms or ions form, the reaction is an exchange reaction
Definition
true
Term
a chemical reaction in which pairs of two differnt molecules trade positions is called a(an) __________ reaction
Definition
exchange
Term
when two or more atoms (reactants) bond to form a more complex structure (product) the reaction is called synthesis.
Definition
true
Term
a decomposition reacton can be symbolized as...
Definition
AB -->  A + B  
Term
a pH value indicates the hydrogen ion concentration in solutions, including the body fluids.
Definition
true
Term
the pH scale ranges from 0-14
Definition
true
Term
which term describesa solution that contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions?
Definition
basic
Term
each whole number on the pH scale represents a _______ -fold difference in hydrogen ion concentration
Definition
10
Term
as hydrogen ion concentration increases, the pH number
Definition
gets smaller
Term
 a solution that has a pHof 6 has ten times the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution with pH
Definition
7
Term
a substance that releases hydrogen ions in water is a base
Definition
false
Term
an acid is defined as an electrolyte that releases hydroixide ions in water
Definition
false
Term
a person has alkalosis if the blood pH
Definition
rises above 7.4
Term
as a group, compounds that release ions when they dissolve in water are called
Definition
electrolytes
Term
chemicals that resist changes in pH are called
Definition
buffers
Term
buffers combine with hydrogen iond when H+ is in excess or they donate hydroxide ions when H+ is depleted
Definition
false
Term
a salt is a compound composed of oppositely charged ions
Definition
true
Term
at the cellular level of organization, biology becomes the study of
Definition
chemistry
Term

which of the following chemicals is not an inorganic substance?

water

protein

sodium chloride

Definition
protein
Term
many inorganic substances dissociate in water to release ions
Definition
true
Term
inorganci substances that usually dissociate in water are called
Definition
electrolytes
Term
water accountsfor 2/3 of the weight of an adult human.
Definition
true
Term
carbon dioxide is
Definition
a  waste product of metabolic processes
Term
cellular organelles use oxygen to release energy from glucose
Definition
true
Term
which of the following is not organic
Definition
carbon dioxide
Term
the different types of carbohydrates do not include
Definition
proteins
Term
the building blocks of fat molecules are amino acids
Definition
false
Term
cholesterol is a protein
Definition
false
Term
steroid molecules have four connected rings of carbon atoms
Definition
true
Term
the building blocks of proteins are amino acids
Definition
true
Term
proteins include DNA and RNA
Definition
false
Term

cells in different tissues vary considerably. which of the following determines a cell's specialized function?

the number of cells of that type

size

shape

which gene it uses

the reguirements of the body in a particular situation

Definition
which gene it uses
Term
an adult human body has about
Definition
75 trillion cells
Term
endoplasmic reticulum is best described as a
Definition
network of interconnected membranes
Term
rubosomes are composed largely of protein and
Definition
RNA
Term
a nucleus is composed largely of
Definition
RNA and protein
Term
vesicles are formed by folding of the
Definition
cell membrane
Term
a composite cell has three basic parts. they are the
Definition

cell membrane

nucleus

cytoplasm

Term
two functionsof the cell membrane are
Definition
enabling the cell to communicate and attatch to other cells
Term
which of the following is not a component of the cell membranes structure?
Definition
glycogen
Term
the basic framework of a cell membrane is a triple layer of lipid molecules
Definition
false
Term
genetic material is a component
Definition
true
Term
a lysosome is an example of a cellular organelle
Definition
true
Term
membranes proteins are calssified by their
Definition
position
Term
mitochondria manufacture proteins
Definition
false
Term
a glycoprotein that extends from the surface of a cell may
Definition
mark the cell as belonging to a particular type of tissue or organ in a particular person
Term
in anaphase of mitosis, centomeres and duplicated parts of chromosomes are seoerated
Definition
true
Term
the rods and tubules of the cytoskeletal are built of protein
Definition
true
Term
a cell that secretes abundant proteins,  such a cell in the pancreas secreting insulin, would have extra nuclei
Definition
false
Term
which type of cell has many mitochondria?
Definition
muscle
Term
the activity that takes place o ribosomes is
Definition
proteins synthesis
Term
the organelle that houses enzymes thta degrade cellular debris is the
Definition
 lysosome
Term
a type of cell that has a flagellum is a(n)
Definition
sperm
Term
a cel membrane is composed mostly of
Definition
protein and lipids
Term
a structure that transports secretions from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus is a vesicle
Definition
true
Term
attatched to the surfaces of rough endoplasmic reticulum are
Definition
ribosomes
Term
the process that kidneys use to cleanse blood is
Definition
filtration
Term
the golgi apparatus contains DNA
Definition
false
Term
an organelle that is a fluid-filled sac with inner partitions studded with enzymes is a mitochondrion
Definition
true
Term
interphase is a "time out" in the cycle cell cycle, when the cell cycle, when the cell ress its synthetic activities.
Definition
false
Term
a cetrosome consists of two structures called
Definition
centrioles
Term
if the concentration of glucose in the water outside of a cell is higher than the concentration inside
Definition
water will tend to leave the cell by osmosis
Term
movement of molecules through a membrane by filtration depends upon
Definition
hydrostatic
Term
if a solution outside of a cell contains a greater concentration of dissolved particles than the contents of the cell, the solution is said to  be
Definition
hypertonic
Term
which of the following cellular processes requires the greatest expenditure of cellular energy
Definition
active transport
Term
which of the following processes uses specific carrier molucules
Definition
active transport
Term
mitochondria
Definition
release energy from glucose molecules
Term
which of the following is isotonic to red blood cells
Definition
0.9 percent NaCl solution
Term
in osmosis, water diffuses down its concentration gradient
Definition
true
Term
a 5 percent solution of glucose is isotonic to human cells
Definition
true
Term
the movement of molecules from where they are not highly concentrated to where they are highly concentrated is called difffusion
Definition
false
Term
the process by which glucose can pass through a membrane using special carrier proteins is called
Definition
facilitated transport
Term
the mechanism of membrane transport that requires an input of energy is
Definition
active transport
Term
the process that moves sodium ions from where they are not very concentrated inside a cell to where they are mch more concentrated outside the cell is called
Definition
active transport
Term
tiny droplets of fluids can enter and cross a cell membrane from the outside in a process called
Definition
pinocytosis
Term
the series of chanes that a cell undergoes from when it forms to when it divides is called
Definition
the cell cycle
Term
nerve cells release neurotransmitters using
Definition
exocytosis
Term
an organelle type that is biult of microtubules and fringes the free surfaces of certain cell types is
Definition
cilium
Term
microfilament is made of tiny rods actin protein
Definition
true
Term
white blood cells that take in particles and cellular debris are termed
Definition
phagocytes
Term
centromeres pull apart during
Definition
anaphase
Term
too infrequent cell division can lead to  cancer, whereas too frequent cell division can delay wound healing
Definition
false
Term
which of the following lists includes the phases of mitosis in the correct sequences?
Definition
prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
Term
because of mitosis and cytplasm division, the resulting calls have
Definition
identical chromosomes but different DNA information
Term
 cells  that retain the ability to divide without specializing are called
Definition
stem cells
Term
during the metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes
Definition
line up between the centrioles
Term
apoptosis is
Definition
a form of cell death
Term
which of the following describes a cleavage furrow
Definition
cellular constriction that occurs towards the end of mitosis
Term
during the metaphase of mitosis chromosomes line up between the two centrioles
Definition
true
Term
the phases of the cell cycle are
Definition
 interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
Term
genes carry information that instructs a cell to
Definition
make specific proteins from amino acids
Term
special proteins called enzymes control the reactions of metabolism
Definition
true
Term
in dehydration synthesis
Definition
monosaccharides are joined
Term
catalysis is the speeding of a chemical reaction
Definition
true
Term
almost all enzymes are proteins but a few are
Definition
RNA
Term
enzymes enable chemical reactions in organisms to proceed fast enough to sustain life by
Definition
lowering the activation energy
Term
each enzyme acts only on a particular chemical called its
Definition
substrate
Term
the enzyme catalase acts on the substrate
Definition
hydrogen peroxide
Term
enzymes are nucleic acids that promote specific chemical reactions
Definition
false
Term
oxidation is a process that forms bonds between atoms and molecules
Definition
false
Term
most metabolic processes use hemical energy
Definition
true
Term
which of the following substances becomes more abundant during cellular respiration
Definition
ATP
Term
an ATP molecule that loses its terminal phosphate becomes 
Definition
ADP
Term
during the anaerobic phase of cellular respiration, one molucule of glucose
Definition
is broken down to yeild two molecules to pyruvic acid.
Term
an ATP molecule  consists of an adenine, a ribose and three phosephates
Definition
true
Term
the part of an ATP molecule  that holds the energy used in metabolism is
Definition
the phosphate  bonds
Term
glycolysis is referred to as the _________ phase of cellular respiration because it does not require oxygen
Definition
anaerobic
Term
for each molecule of glucose that is decomposed completely, up to _________ molecules of ATP can be produced
Definition
38
Term
the organelle that houses the reactions of aerobic respiration is the 
Definition
mitochondrion
Term
the two moleules that enter the citric acid cycle are a
Definition
4 carbon compound and an acetyl CoA.
Term
of the 38 molecules of ATP generated in one round of the reactions of the cellular respiration, only two come from glycolysis
Definition
true
Term
complete oxidation of glucose results in nitrogen and water
Definition
false
Term

metabolic pathway is a sequence of

enzyme-contolled reactions

Definition
true
Term
a rate-limiting enzyme it typically the first enzyme in a series. the position is important because
Definition
a rate-limiting enzyme that acts later in the pathway could lead to the build up and intermediate chemical
Term
the parts of DNA molecule that comtain genetic information for aking particular proteins are the
Definition
nitrogeneous gases
Term
genes pass to the next generation in eggs and sperm
Definition
true
Term
a genome is a section of DNA in which the nitrogeneous base sequence encodes a specific sequence of amino acids
Definition
true
Term
the portion of the human genome that encodes protein is about _____ percent
Definition
2
Term
the gentic code
Definition
is a sequence of nucleicacid base that instructs cells how to make specific protein molecules
Term
all of the DNA in a cell costitutes the
Definition
genome
Term
a DNA stand has the sequence T C G A T C. the sequence of the complementary strand is
Definition
A G C T A G
Term
the complementary base pairs in DNA are
Definition
A with T and C with G
Term
a DNA molecule
Definition
 is composed of joined nucleotides
Term
DNA replicates by
Definition
the double helix seperating and pulling in new complementary bases
Term
if a strand of DNA molecule contained the base sequence C T A G C, the complementary strand wuld contain the base sequence
Definition
G A T C G
Term
 the four mitrogeneous bases in DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil
Definition
false
Term
the transfer of genetic information from the nucleus into the cytoplasm is a function of
Definition
messenger RNA
Term
if DNA  strand has the organic base sequence T T A A C G A the corresponding base sequence of messenger  RNA molecule would be
Definition
tranfer RNA
Term
copying of the information in DNA into RNA which can exit in the nucleus is called
Definition
transcription
Term
RNA molecules differ from DNA molecules in several ways...
Definition
RNA molecules are single-stranded, their nucleotides include the sugar ribose and the nucleotide uracil
Term
a codon is a set of three nucleotides of an mRNA that correspond to particular amino acid
Definition
true
Term
translation is assemnbly of an amino acid chain according to the sequences of base triplets in a transfer RNA molecule
Definition
false
Term
an anticodon sequence is part of a transfer RNA
Definition
true
Term
all mutations are harmful
Definition
false
Term
which of the following is not one of the four basic body tissues
Definition
eye tissue
Term
a basement membrane anchors
Definition
epithelial tissue to connective tissue
Term
epethelial tissue functions in...
Definition

secretion

absorption

protection

protection

excretion

Term
the tissue through which gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs is
Definition
simple squamous epithelium
Term
the tissue that forms the inner lining of respiratory passages is
Definition
columnar epithielium
Term
a carcinoma is a cancer originating from
Definition
epethelium
Term
type of epethelium that lines the urinary bladder
Definition
transitional
Term
usually epethelium tissues do not have blood vessels
Definition
true
Term
tendons and legaments are composed primarily of
Definition
dense connective tissue
Term
cartilage tissues are likely to be slow i healing because
Definition
cartilage tissues lack direct blood supplies
Term
bone cells are arrangedin concentric circles around longitudinal tubes in cylinder-shaped units called
Definition
osteons
Term
permanent wrinkles caused by
Definition
sunlight
Term
the tissue that constitutes the outermost layer of skin is a type of connective tissue
Definition
false
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