Term
| Define anatomy in one complete sentence |
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Definition
| anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body or cadavier. |
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Term
| two or more tissue types that work together to perform a common function best describes |
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Definition
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Term
| place the structural levels in order, smallest and simplest to largest and most complex |
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Definition
1)chemical
2) cell
3)tissue
4)organ
5)organ system
6)organism |
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Term
| the ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable and constant enviroment |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| these mechanisms cause the variable to change in a direction OPPOSITE to that of the initial change, returning it to its ideal value. |
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Term
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Definition
| the change that occurs proceeds in the same direction as the initial disturbance, causing the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range. |
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Term
| a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts would be |
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Definition
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Term
| The serous membrane on the surface of the lungs is called |
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Definition
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Term
| the ventral cavity can be subdivided into the two major cavities. the ventral body cavity contains both the heart and the lungs and is called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a cut between the longitudinal and horizontal axis |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how the body works and carries out life sustaining activities |
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Term
| principle of complementarity of structure and function |
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Definition
| structure of the body part defines its function |
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Term
| 8 processes of living organisms |
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Definition
maintaining its boundaries
movement
responsiveness
digestion
metabolism
excretion
reproduction
growth |
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Term
define homeostasis
and give an example of how the body works to maintain homeostasis |
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Definition
the bodies way of maintaining a relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously
Blood pressure
Temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanism that causes the variable to change in the direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning it to its "ideal value" |
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Term
| what two organ systems are the main regulators of homeostasis |
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Definition
| nervous system and cardiovascular system |
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Term
| describe anatomical position |
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Definition
body is erect with feet slightly apart. palms face forward and thumbs point away from the body.
right and left refers to those sides of the person or cadaver being viewed |
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Term
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Definition
protects the fragile nervous system organs.
the cranial cavity
the vertebral or spinal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
thoracic: pleural cavity- envelopes the lungs
mediastinum- pericardial cavity
(heart)
surrounds remaining thoracic organs
(esophagus, trachea, and others) |
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Term
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Definition
thin, double layered membrane
covers the walls of the ventral cavity and outer surfaces of the organs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| covering the organs in the cavity |
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Term
|
Definition
most abundant inorganic compound in our bodies
1)universal solvent and excellent suspending medium
polar covalent bonds of water make it excellent solvent
2)necessary reactant in many chemical reactions that occur in the body
3)high heat capacity
4) high heat of vaporization
5)acts as a cusion or protector (non-compressable) |
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Term
| the structural units of neutral fat are |
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Definition
| one glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
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Term
| a fatty acid that is polyunsaturated would have |
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Definition
| two or more double covalent bonds between carbons of the fatty acid chain |
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Term
| the structural unit or building block of a protein is |
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Definition
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Term
| a protein chain tht is coiled into an helix refers to the |
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Definition
| secondary structural level of that protein |
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Term
| fibrous or structural proteins are |
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Definition
| very stable and form the framework of the parts of the body |
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Term
| if hydrogen and ionic bonds that hold protein in a specific shape are broken down due to excessive heat the protein is said to be |
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Definition
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Term
| the building block for a nucleic acid is |
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Definition
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Term
| the organic compound that all cells use for energy to carry out life processes is |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| substances that are present in smaller amounts |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that is present in greater amounts |
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Term
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Definition
| homogeneous mixtures that may be gases, liquids, or solids. |
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Term
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Definition
(emulsions)
heterogeneous mixtures that often appear milky or translucent |
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Term
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Definition
| heterogeneous mixtures with large often visible solutes that tend to settle out |
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Term
| what are the 4 most abundant chemical elements in the body |
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Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other |
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Term
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Definition
electrons sharing produces molecules in which the shared electrons occupy a single orbit common to both atoms
electrons do not have to be completely transferred for atoms to achieve stability |
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Term
polar covalent bond
non polar covalent bond |
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Definition
polar covalent bonds are electrically unbalanced
have separate - and + poles
ex. carbon and oxygen
non polar covalent bonds are electrically balanced
ex. carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
| weak bonds that occur when a hydrogen that is already covalently bonded to an oxygen or nitrogen is attracted to another oxygen or nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
anabolic reaction
simple chemical combine to form a more complex chemical
creation of new chemical bond
the reactants have less energy than the products
add energy= endergonic reaction
a+b->ab
4H +C = CH4 |
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Term
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Definition
catabolic reaction more complex chemical is broken down into its simplier parts
(chemical bonds are broken)
reactants have more energy
exothermic or exergonic reaction
ab-> a+b |
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Term
|
Definition
old bonds are broken and new bonds are formed
ab+cd = ac+bd
HCL+NaOH =H2O + NaCL |
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Term
|
Definition
occur when a chemical compound loses electrons or gains oxygen
LEO |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when electrons are gained or oxygen is lost
GER |
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Term
| a substance that completely dissociates in water into H+ and one or more anions |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the most abundant inorganic compound |
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Definition
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Term
| name an example of an organic compound |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
substance that inc. the rate of a chemical reaction with out being changed itself
lowers the activation energy |
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Term
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Definition
simple, dissolve in water
a lot held by ionic bonds
ionic bonds break apart in water releasing ions (electrolytes)
water
acids
bases
salts
co2 |
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Term
| the type of chemical bond formed when 2 atoms share a pair of electrons equally |
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Definition
| a non polar covalent bond |
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Term
| if a chemical compound is broken down into simpler parts the reaction would be |
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Definition
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Term
| what would increase the rate of a chemical reaction |
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Definition
| the presence of a catalyst |
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Term
| a solution with a pH of 4 would be considered a |
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Definition
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Term
| if one molecule of glucose combines with another molecule of glucose the process is called |
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Definition
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Term
| the products formed from dehydration synthesis of glucose and glucose would be |
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Definition
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Term
| the structural unit of a carbohydrate is a |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the chemical formula for a hexose |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the pH scale measure |
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Definition
| hydrogen ions in a solution, the more hydrogen ions the more acidic the solution is. |
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Term
| name the factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions |
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Definition
| temperature, concentration, particle size, catalyst |
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Term
| what numbers on the pH scale are associated with acidity, with alkalinity and with neutrality |
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Definition
| 0-6 are acidy 7-neutral 8-14 are base |
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Term
| give a general definition of a salt |
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Definition
ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than the hydroxyl ion (OH-)
when salts are dissolved in water the dissociate into their component ions |
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Term
| general definition of an acid |
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Definition
a substance that releases hydrogen ions in detectable amounts
sour taste, react with many metals, |
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Term
|
Definition
they are proton acceptors, they take up hydrogen ions indetectable amounts
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) important base in body, particularly abundant in the blood |
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Term
| what is the buffer system |
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Definition
| in high concentration acid and bases are extremely dangerous to living tissue. homeostasis of acid-base balance is carefully regulated by the kidneys and lungs and by chemical systems called buffers. |
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Term
| general characteristics of organic compounds |
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Definition
all are carbon based
all have hydrogen |
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Term
| list 4 major groups of organic compounds unique to living organisms |
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Definition
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids(fats), and nucleic acids
all contain carbon |
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Term
| explain the process of dehydration synthesis |
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Definition
| a molecule of water is removed for every bond formed |
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Term
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Definition
| water splitting, adding a water molecule to each bond to be broken |
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Term
| what chemical elements form carbohydrates |
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Definition
| carbon, water, and oxygen |
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Term
| what is the basic structural unit of a carbohydrate |
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Definition
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Term
| function of carbohydrates |
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Definition
provide cells with immediate energy source
structural parts of cells and nucleic acids |
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Term
| name 3 hexoses and give their chemical formula |
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Definition
glucose, galactose, fructose
C6H12O6 |
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Term
| what is formed when glucose combines with fructose |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is formed when galactose is joined with glucose |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| how are dissachorides formed |
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Definition
| by 2 monosaccirides joined together by dehydration synthesis |
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Term
| glucose and galactose form |
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Definition
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|
Term
| glucose and fructose form |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| name two common polysaccharides |
|
Definition
plant origin: starch
animal origin: glycogen |
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Term
| to break apart polysaccharides or dissacharides to get monosacharides you must add water |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
neutral fat, triglyceride
phospholipids, part of the plasma membrane
steroids, cholesterol and steroid hormones |
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Term
| building blocks of neutral fats |
|
Definition
1) molecule of glycerol
2)3 fatty acids |
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Term
| functions of neutral fats(lipids) |
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Definition
energy storage
insulation
cusioning |
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Term
| chemical element is a lipid(neutral fat) |
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Definition
| C H O some contain P and N |
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Term
|
Definition
| have single covalent bonds between carbons |
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Term
|
Definition
have double covalent bonds
mono one double bond
poly many double bonds |
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Term
| two major types of lipids |
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Definition
structural, fiberous
functional, globular |
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Term
| enzymes, hormones, antibodies are examples of |
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Definition
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Term
| enzymes, hormones, antibodies are examples of |
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Definition
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Term
| collagen fibers and elastin fibers are examples of |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical elements of all proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| basic structural unit of a protein |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| join an amine and acid end, broken by adding water |
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Term
| general formula for amino acid |
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Definition
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Term
| define the primary structure of a protein |
|
Definition
sequence of amino acids
linear |
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Term
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Definition
a)alpha helix
b)beta pleated sheet |
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Term
|
Definition
| resulted by folding of the alpha helix or beta pleated sheet into a sphere |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 polypeptides combined working as one unit |
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Term
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Definition
| structural, make up framework of our body, stable water insoluble, strandlike molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
functional, atleast at the tertionary level
involved with physiological functions |
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Term
| what are enzymes and why are they important to the body |
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Definition
biological catalysts necessary for most chemical reactions that occur in the body,
functional proteins atleast at the tertiary level |
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Term
| proteins may denature due to |
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Definition
| changes in the temp. pH, salt concentration |
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Term
| denaturization of a protein |
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Definition
| it loses its ability to function, doesnt change primary structure |
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Term
| two types of nucleic acid |
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Definition
| deoxyribonucleic acid DNA or ribonucleic acid RNA |
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Term
| chemical elements of nucleic acid |
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Definition
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Term
| Building blocks of nucleic acid |
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Definition
Nucleotide
1)pentose sugar(C5H10O5
deoxyribose
ribose
2)phosphate group (PO-2)
3) nitrogen base
purines
pyrimidines |
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Term
|
Definition
| double stranded helix held together by hydrogen bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
| guanine by hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| single stranded, found in the nucleus and cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
adenosine triphosphate
organic compound |
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Term
|
Definition
| ribose, adenine and 3 phosphates |
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Term
| ATP is what type of reaction |
|
Definition
| exergonic because it releases energy |
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Term
| the passive transport mechanism in which small solutes and water are pushed across a membrane from and area of high pressure to an area of low pressure best describes |
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Definition
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Term
| explain the fluid mosaic model |
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Definition
| the plasma membrane consists of a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins and cholesterol interspersed. |
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Term
| the specialization of the plasma membrane that acts to form mechanical links between adjacent cells such that cells are held together in a sheet |
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Definition
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|
Term
| cells would swell and burst if put into what type of solution |
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Definition
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|
Term
| glucose is a relatively large water soluble molecule that can not pass directly through the lipids of the plasma membrane. therefore if glucose moves down it concentration gradient into cell it must do it by |
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Definition
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Term
| the active transport mechanism in which material within a vesicle is released from the cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the membranous canal system within the cytoplasm that functions to either to synthesize lipids or detoxify harmful substances or store calcium ions |
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Definition
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Term
| certain white blood cells protect the body by phagocytizing bacteria and then digesting these bacteria. such wbc would have a number of |
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Definition
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Term
| glandular cells secrete substances and tend to have abundant |
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Definition
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Term
| ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins are assembled to form ribosomes within the |
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Definition
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Term
| liver cells must be able to detoxify harmful substances and neutralize free radicals. the two organelles responsible for detoxification and neutralization of free radicals are |
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Definition
| smooth er and peroxisomes |
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Term
| aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces ATP which organ is involved in aerobic respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the elements of the cytoskeleton is composed of the protein tubulin and forms the majority of centrioles, mitotic spindles, cilia and flagella |
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Definition
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Term
| the large spherical structure that is normally visible within the nucleus that synthesizes ribosmal RNA and combines it with ribosomal proteins is |
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Definition
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Term
| what are hair like extensions that function to move substances along the cell surface |
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Definition
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Term
| All DNA of an animal is located |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
is segment of DNA
may code for one polypeptide or RNA
may be activated when a specific chemical binds to the promoter |
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Term
| protein synthesis involves two major processes |
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Definition
| transcription and translation |
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Term
| proteins are synthesized where |
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Definition
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Term
| a triplet refers to three nucleotides of DNA that code for one amino acid. the three nucleotides of mRNA that code for one amino acid is called |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 concepts of cell theory |
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Definition
1)basic structural and functional unit of life
2) what an organism is capable of doing is based on what its collection of cells is capable of doing
3) biochemical activities of cells are carried out by subcellular structures called organelles
4)continuity of life is cellular |
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Term
| 3 regions of a typical animal cell |
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Definition
| plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
phospholipid bilayer heads are hydrophilic and tails are hydrophobic
proteins make up about 50% by weight of plasma membrane, integral and peripheral |
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Term
| transmembrane integral proteins |
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Definition
span the width of the membrane
transportation of substances across the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| loosely attached to either lipids or integral proteins |
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Term
| functions of the plasma membrane |
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Definition
regulates what comes in and goes out
forms boundries
forms receptors for enzymes and hormones
cell to cell recognition |
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Term
|
Definition
| finger like projections, inc. the surface area, function for absorption |
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Term
|
Definition
areas where adjacent cells are held together by a fused plasma membrane
- for a barrier that prevents material from passing between cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| mechanical linkages between cells that hold cells in a sheet |
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Term
|
Definition
| tiny channels connecting cells so materials can pass directly from one cell to another |
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Term
| 3 factors that affect the ability of a substance to cross the plasma membrane |
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Definition
| size, lipid solubility, presence of a protein carrier or channel in the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| cell does not have to expend its own energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell has to split ATP to provide energy |
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Term
|
Definition
net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of less concentration
down the conc. gradient |
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Term
|
Definition
molecule can pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membrane down the conc. gradient
small, lipid soluable, O2 or CO2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| carrier channel protein that allows the substance to cross the membrane down its concentration gradient(glucose) |
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Term
|
Definition
| diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by alternating the volume of water in those cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| solution that has more conc. of solutes than the conc. of solutes within the cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| less conc. of solutes than the conc. of solutes in the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves movement of a solvent(water) and small solvents across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower pressure PRESSURE GRADIANT |
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Term
| 2 types of active transport |
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Definition
| solute pumping and vesicular transport |
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Term
|
Definition
exocytosis- out
endocytosis-in |
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Term
|
Definition
phagocytosis-cell eating
pinocytosis-cell drinking
recepter mediated endocytosis |
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Term
|
Definition
cytosol
organelles
and inclusion bodies |
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Term
|
Definition
small and made of ribosomal RNA
large and small subunits
site of protein synthesis
assembled within the nucleolus |
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Term
|
Definition
| membranous organelle, extention of the nuclear envelope |
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Term
|
Definition
modify proteins
transport proteins
store proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
synthesis of lipids
detoxification of harmful substances
storage of calcium ions |
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Term
|
Definition
process sort and package proteins
form lysosomes
form secretory vesicles for exocytosis |
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Term
|
Definition
made by golgi
contain hydrolytic enzymes
extracellular clean up crew
suicide packages |
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Term
|
Definition
vesicles that contain enzymes
oxidases and catalyse
decompose fatty acids
neutralize free radicals
detoxify harmful substances(alcohol) |
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Term
|
Definition
aerobic respiration
POWER HOUSE OF CELLS |
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Term
|
Definition
nonmembranous
short rod-like
arranged as 9 triplets of microtubules
found in pairs that are perpindicular
forms mitotic spindle
produce microtubules of cilia and flagella |
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Term
|
Definition
collects of rods, filaments, and cylinders within the cytoplasm
supports plasma mem.
forms parts of desmosomes
provides a way that other organelles an move through cytoplasm
allow movement
help to organize |
|
|
Term
| 3 major types of protein structures (cytoplasm) |
|
Definition
microfilament(smallest)
intermediate filament(most stable)
microtubules(largest) |
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Term
|
Definition
| synthesizes ribosomal RNA and assemble ribosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| DNA splits and each copy contains one old and one new |
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|
Term
| sequence of nucleotides in a gene determines |
|
Definition
| sequence of amino acids in a protein |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3 nucleotides of DNA that code for one amino acid |
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|
Term
| protein synthesis 2 major parts |
|
Definition
| transcription and translation |
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Term
|
Definition
| copying message from DNA to RNA (mRNA)(occurs in nucleus) |
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Term
|
Definition
| translates nucleotide sequence into amino acid sequence(occurs in cytoplasm on ribosome) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of ribosomes, stable |
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Term
|
Definition
| linear chain of nucleotides short lived |
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Term
|
Definition
clover shaped head with 3 nucleotides exposed
tail binds withspecific amino acids
120 nucleotides long |
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|
Term
| 3 nucleotides on the head of tRNA are called |
|
Definition
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|
