Weigh of urine for a standard volume divided by the weight of water for a standard volume

NORMAL: 1.005 - 1.030

NORMAL: About 6 (slightly acidic)

Bacterial infections of uriniary tract: Alkaline urine

Maximum Reabsorptive capacity: 180-200mg/100mL

Extra glucose: Glycosuria, generally caused by diabetes mellitus

Mostly albumin and some other protein is normal in urine.

Proteinuria: Increased permeability of the glomerular filter.

In normal urine after lack of carbohydrates in diet.

Ketonuria: Caused by starvation, increased metabolic requirements (vomitting, fever,  pregnancy, lactation, trauma...)

Formed by breakdonw of hemoglobin by phagocytic cells in liver and spleen.

NORMAL: No bilirubin in urine.

Present if bile duct is blocked or if liver is damaged and unable to make bile.

Produced in the intestine when bilirubin is reduced by intestinal bacteria.

NORMAL: Small amount in urine

Absent when biliary ducts are completely obstructed or when antibiotics suppress flora responsible for breaking down bilirubin.

Increased when liver disease/tissue damage prevents urobilinogen from getting back into biliary system from liver or extra destruction of RBCs.

Hemolytic Jaundice

Urobilinogen:

Bilirubin:

Urobilinogen: Increased

Bilirubin: Negative (normal)

Liver Damage

Urobilinogen:

Bilirubin:

Urobilinogen: Increased (initially)

Bilirubin: Positive

Severe Biliary Obstruction

Urobilinogen:

Bilirubin:

Urobilinogen: Decreased

Bilirubin: Positive

Presence of whole RBCs in the urine

-Kidney stones, infection of urinary tract, or tumours

Presence of hemoglobin from destroyed, hemolyzed RBCs

-More damaged RBCs than the body can handle.  Some are not made into bilirubin and end up in urine.

-Caused by: hemolytic transfusion, electric current injury, severe burns or exposure to sudden cold.