1. Making bile

2. Making blood proteins (Albumin)

3. Store Excess glucose as glycogen

4. Store fat soluble vitamins like A

5. Primary organ of drug metabolism

H2O, ions, mucus, ENZ, and bicarbonate;

Moistens mouth, binds food, making bolus

starts starch digestion;

Neutralizes acid from bacteria

Parotid - Purely Serous

Submandibular - Mucus and Serous

Sublingual - Mucus and Serous

Serous secretion - watery, ions, ENZ

Mucous secretion - thick mucus

1. Passage way for air

2. Contitions air (warm, moisten, clean)

3. Involved in phonation

Conducting zone- No gas exchange, a passage way that conditions air by cleaning, moistening and warming it.  anything not listed  below.

Respiratory zone - Gas exchange is possible, alveoli are present.  Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, and alveoli.

1. Has olfactory mucosa - limited to superior concha housing olfactory epithelium

2. Respiratory mucosa - epithelium and lamina propria, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cell.

1. Voice production

2. Passage way

3. Switching mechanism between air and food

1. Epiglottis

2. Cuniform cartilages

3. Corniculate cartilages

4. Arytenoid cartilages (start of vocal cords)

5. Cricoid cartilages

6. Tracheal cartilages

7. thyroid cartilage (end of vocal cords)

has 16-20 c shaped hyaline cartilage rings with fibroelastic CT between C cartilage. It has 4 layers

1.Mucous membrane

2. Submucosa

3. Hyaline cartilage

4. Advantitia

Mams=primary bronchi, 1/lung

Lobar=secondary bronchi 1/lobe

Segmental=tertiary bronchi 1/segment

bronchiole<1mm, no cartilage

Terminal bronchiole<0.5mm

1. Stem Cell

2. Produces surfactant (reduces surface tension, coats inner surface of the alveolus)

Transport lymph

and return lymph to veins in base of neck

Parenchymal cell= lymphocyte

Stroma= reticular CT (except in thymus)

Cells= B lymphocyte and T lymphocyte, plasma cells, macrophages

B. lymphocyte vs T lymphocyte

(when exposed to antigen)

B lymphocyte converts to a plasma cell, which produces antibodies to attach antigens.  Memory cells (lymphocytes on reserve) ready to respond to 2nd exposure. Humoral immunity.

T lymphocytes has memory cells as well.  I has helper cells, and cytotoxic cells.  They respond to antigens on cell membranes, respond to eukaryotic cells (cancer, virally infected, fungal, transplanted cells). Cell mediated immunity.

No cortex & medulla but has red pulp and white pulp, has B & T cells, stroma is reticular CT.

Red pulp removes damaged or dead RBC's.

White pulp removes blood-borne pathogens, and has the immune function

A few lymphs (concentrated removal is bad)

thymus can be removed but life is tricky since there are no T cells

Spleen can be removed

Tonsils can be removed

1. fibrous capsule

2. Perirenal fat capsule

3. The anterior and posterior renal fascia

4. Pararenal fat

It filters blood conserving H2O, ions, A.A's, and glucose, while it secretes wastes (urea, uricacid) drug metabolites, ions, H2O

It forms concentrated urine

1. The fenestrated capillary endothelium

2. The basement membrane

3. The filtration slits

simple cuboidal epithelium, microvilli, and mitochondria;

reabsoprtion and secretion

Thick descending limb, functions like the PCT

The thin limb, functions to concentrate the urine

Thick ascending limb, functions like the DCT

Cortical- 85% of nephrons, almost entirely located in the cortex, the thin segment of the loop of henle is extremely small

Juxtamedullary- 15% of nephrons, they have the longest thin limbs of henle that concentrate the urine

1. Minor Calyx (1/lobe)

2. Major calyx (2~3)

3. Renal Pelvis (most superior part of ureter)

4. Ureter

5. Urinary Bladder

6. Urethra

1-5 are lined with transitional, 6 is lined with tansitional and others.

1. Mucosa (transitional epithelium, lamina propria)

2. Muscularis (Upper 2/3's has 2 layers, lower 1/3 and urinary bladder has 3)

3. Advantitia

*serosa is on the most superior part of the urinary bladder

1. Inner longitudinal

2. Middle Circular

3. Outer longitudinal in the lower 3rd

1. Urinary bladder

2.internal urethral sphincter

3.External urethral sphincter

4.urogenital diaphragm

5.Spongy urethra