are located in a limited area with limited distribution

have receptor cells

utilize bipolar neurons

1. Basal (stem) cells

2. Gustatory receptor cells

3. Supporting cells

1. Basal cells (stem)

2. Olfactory receptor cell

3. Supporting cell

Anterior contains aqueous humor

Posterior contains vitreous humor

1. maintains intraocular pressure

2. Hold retina and lens in place

3. Transmits light

1. maintain intraocular pressure

2. supplies O2 and nutrients to lens and cornea

fibrous tunic

Vascular tunic

Sensory tunic

The iris, eye color, surrounds pupil and controls amount of light entering eye utilizing sphinctors (narrow, sympathetic) and dialators (widen, parasympathetic)

The ciliary body surrounds the lens, contains the ciliary muscle (intraocular) functions to change the shape of the lens

The  choroid, has alot of BV and pigmented cells, which provide nutrients and prevent reflection and scattering of light.

The Retina, it has the pigmented layer and the neural layer (which are not attached)

Pigmented layer

Neural layer has the receptor cells

the external ear, which has the auricle which collects sounds, and the ear canal. Deals with hearing.

the middle ear, which contains the tympanic cavity, membrane (eardrum) and the bones (malleus, incus, and stapes). deals with hearing

the internal ear (inner labryinth) which contains the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular ducts deals with hearing AND equilibrium

1. Amino acid-based hormones

2. Steroids

1. Humoral- Secretion in direct response to changing nutrient levels in blood. CSF simplest

2. Neural- sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate cells in the adrenal medula. PNS

3. Hormonal- Stimuli received from other glands. Most common type.

Somatotropic - Secrete growth hormone, increases mitosis

Mammotropic - secrete prolactin, produces milk

Thyrotropic - secrete thyroid stimulating hormone

Corticotropic - Secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone and melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Gonadotropic - Secrete follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone, Egg and sperm production

thyroid hormones; T3 AKA triiodothyonine and T4 thyoxine, which needs iodine

and Calcitonin, regulates blood calcium levels

they produce calcitonin

Parafollicular cells are also known as C-cells

Chief cells make parathyroid hormone, are small and stain blue

Oxyphil cells have an unknown function and are large and pink from containing alot of mitochondria

Zona glomerulosa (spheres)

Zona fasciculata (columns)

Zona reticularis (branching network)

1. Mineralocorticoids = Aldosterone, which increases sodium and water absorption in the kidney, causing an increase in blood volume and pressure

2. Glucocorticoids = cortisol, helps maintain high glucose concentration to the brain

the scala vestibuli, contains perilymph and creates the oval window which fits the stapes

the scala media, Endolymph

the scala tympani, perilymph and creates the round window which is covered by a membrane which gives a little as perilymph moves

1. Mucosa= mucous membrane (epithelium, lamina propria and muscular mucosae)

2. Submucosa - CT, glands, nerve plexus (submucosal plexus, innervates glands and muscle)

3.Muscularis externa=smooth muscle, has an inner circular (segmentation) plus outer longitudinal layer (peristalsis), separated by the myenteric plexus which enervates them both

4. Serosa or adventitia (CT only, no epithelium)

a double layer of peritoneum (the serous membrane)

It is used to hold organs in place, is the route by which BV & Nerves reach the organs, and it is a site for adipose storage

Mucous neck cells and stem cells

the parietal cell (pink) which secretes HCl, and gastric intrinsic factor.

the chief cells (blue) secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin in the acid, which then works on proteins.

The enteroendocrine glands, which are unicellular glands that extrete hormones.

1. Plicae circularus - permanent fold of mucousa and submucousa

2. Villi - unique to small intestine, finger like extension of the mucousa

3. Mircovilli - extensions of plasma lemma on surface of epithelium

Blood capilaries absorb protein, carbohydrates, drugs, and travel to liver by hepatic portal

The lymph capillary, Lacteal, takes lipids which are carried to veins at base of neck

Lamina propria

Mucosa- simple columnar epithelium except in the anal canal where it is stratified squamous.  It containst goblet cells and absoprtive cells, there are intestinal glands by no villi.

Muscularis-  outer longitudinal layer is organized into 3 thickened bands AKA Tenia Coli, which causes haustra, the puckers in the colon.

Transverse and sigmoid colon have serosa, all else has advantitia.