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Anatomy and histology quiz 5
practice for Anatomy and histology at ONU
146
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/16/2009

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Term
Special senses...
Definition

are located in a limited area with limited distribution

 

have receptor cells

 

utilize bipolar neurons

Term
taste=
Definition
gustation
Term
Taste buds are what kind of recepotor?
Definition
Chemoreceptors
Term
What are the 3 cells found in a taste bud?
Definition

1. Basal (stem) cells

 

2. Gustatory receptor cells

 

3. Supporting cells

Term
Most taste buds are located in __________ but not all
Definition
papilla
Term
Papilla is NOT the same as
Definition
taste bud
Term
olfaction=
Definition
smell
Term
olfaction utilizes what kind of receptor?
Definition
chemoreceptors
Term
3 cells that make up olfaction
Definition

1. Basal cells (stem)

 

2. Olfactory receptor cell

 

3. Supporting cell

Term
olfaction is used in the ____________
Definition
superior conchae
Term
What houses the receptors for olfaction?
Definition
specialized epithelium
Term
____ of the cerebral cortex deals with vision
Definition
40%
Term
paalpebra=
Definition
eyelid
Term
conjunctiva =
Definition
mucous membrane that secretes mucus to lubricate the eye
Term
Is there a conjunctiva on the cornea?
Definition
no
Term
the lacrimal gland...
Definition
secretes lacrimal fluid which contains mucus antibodies and lysozyme to destroy bacteria
Term
lysozyme functions...
Definition
as an enzyme that digests bacterial cell walls
Term
When your eyes water the water goes down your lacrimal duct into...
Definition
inferior medus of the nasal cavity
Term
Be able to draw sagital section of the eyeball and identify the structures.
Definition
Term
Anterior of eye vs posterior (separated by lens)
Definition

Anterior contains aqueous humor

 

Posterior contains vitreous humor

Term
What does the vitreous humor function to do?
Definition

1. maintains intraocular pressure

 

2. Hold retina and lens in place

 

3. Transmits light

Term
aqueous humor (a blood filtrate) functions to...
Definition

1. maintain intraocular pressure

 

2. supplies O2 and nutrients to lens and cornea

Term
Describe the lens of the eye
Definition
it's biconvex, epithelial Not CT, Avascular, and focuses the light on the retina
Term
What are the 3 tunics?
Definition

fibrous tunic

 

Vascular tunic

 

Sensory tunic

Term
describe the fibrous tunic
Definition
DCT, the cornea, avascular bends and collects light, and the sclera it protects, shapes and serves as attachment sight for extraocular muscles
Term
Describe the vascular tunic
Definition

The iris, eye color, surrounds pupil and controls amount of light entering eye utilizing sphinctors (narrow, sympathetic) and dialators (widen, parasympathetic)


The ciliary body surrounds the lens, contains the ciliary muscle (intraocular) functions to change the shape of the lens


The  choroid, has alot of BV and pigmented cells, which provide nutrients and prevent reflection and scattering of light.

Term
Describe the sensory tunic
Definition

The Retina, it has the pigmented layer and the neural layer (which are not attached)

 

Pigmented layer

 

Neural layer has the receptor cells

Term
Synapses between the ___________ with the ______ cells which then synapse with the ______.
Definition
Rods and cones; bipolar neurons; ganglia
Term
the axons of the ganglion form...
Definition
the optic nerve
Term
What is the optic disk? (AKA blindspot)
Definition
it is the point where the optic nerve is, and there are no photoreceptors there (hence blindspot)
Term
What is the macula lutea?
Definition
the point where the light entering your eye focuses, it has mostly cones and has the fovea centralis (which IS 100% cones) the highest point of visual acuity.
Term
describe the chambers of the anterior segment...
Definition
Anterior chamber is the part infront of the iris, the posterior chamber is the part behind the iris.
Term
Cilliary processes are...
Definition
the little extensions (folds) of the cilliary body, which is where the aqueous humor is produced, and flows to the scleral venous sinus.
Term
Is aqueous humor constantly made?
Definition
yes
Term
Glaucoma occurs when...
Definition
the sinus that the aqueous humor goes through is blocked.
Term
The ear deals with 2 senses...
Definition
hearing and equilibrium
Term
What are the 3 parts of the ear and what do they contain?
Definition

the external ear, which has the auricle which collects sounds, and the ear canal. Deals with hearing.


the middle ear, which contains the tympanic cavity, membrane (eardrum) and the bones (malleus, incus, and stapes). deals with hearing


the internal ear (inner labryinth) which contains the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular ducts deals with hearing AND equilibrium

Term
Receptor cells in the ear have...
Definition
hairs (not made of keratin)  which bend and send impulses the the CNS (mechanoreceptors)
Term
Oval window, round window
Definition
Term
what does the eustatian tube?
Definition
the pharyngotympanic tube, it connects to your throat, allowing you to equalize pressure in your ear with pressure outside your ear.
Term
Semicircular ducts deal with
Definition
rotational equilibrium and acceleration of the head, they contain endolymph fluid.
Term
perilymph fluid is found between
Definition
bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth
Term
Maculae,saccule and utricle in the ear detect...
Definition
linear acceleration and the position of the head with receptor cells
Term
Organ of corti contains...
Definition
the receptor cells for hearing
Term
Cristae ampullares contains...
Definition
receptor cells for rotational equillibrium
Term
Otoliths are...
Definition
calcium carbonate particules that add to weight, and are embedded in receptor cells for equilibrium, and cause gravity to move the membrane, which moves the hairs, which sends an impulse to the CNS
Term
What are the pure endocrine organs?
Definition
Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands
Term
Which organs just contain endocrine cells?
Definition
Pancreas, thymus, gonads, and the hypothalamus
Term
All endocrine organs are
Definition
vascularized
Term
Exocrine uses _______ to deliver to a specific place, while exocrine uses _________ to deliver its products
Definition
ducts; circulation
Term
What is the basic hormone action?
Definition
they circulate throughout the body in bloodvessels, influencing only specific tissues, I.E. Target cells
Term
What are the 2 classes of hormones?
Definition

1. Amino acid-based hormones

 

2. Steroids

Term
What is Specificity?
Definition
The ability of hormones to be designed specifically to bind one type of cells.
Term
What are the 3 triggers for hormone secretion?
Definition

1. Humoral- Secretion in direct response to changing nutrient levels in blood. CSF simplest

 

2. Neural- sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate cells in the adrenal medula. PNS

 

3. Hormonal- Stimuli received from other glands. Most common type.

Term
What is a tropic system? (not tropHic)
Definition
The release of one hormone, causes the release of another groop of hormones.
Term
A decrease in calcium triggers...
Definition
the parathyroid gland to release parathyroid hormone, which then causes Ca++ levels to increase.
Term
Hormones are always controled by _________, i.e. Blood concentration declines and ______ hormone is secreted, blood concentration exceeds maximum and ________________________.  This is called a _______ feedback loop
Definition
feedback loops; more; Hormone production halts ; Negative
Term
What is the largest division of the adenohypophysis? What does it contain?
Definition
the pars distalis. It contains 5 different types of endocrine cells
Term
What are the 5 types of cells in the pars distalis (AKA anterior pituitary)?
Definition

Somatotropic - Secrete growth hormone, increases mitosis


Mammotropic - secrete prolactin, produces milk


Thyrotropic - secrete thyroid stimulating hormone


Corticotropic - Secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone and melanocyte-stimulating hormone


Gonadotropic - Secrete follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone, Egg and sperm production

Term
Posterior pituitary makes _____
Definition
nothing
Term
The Infundibulum connects the....
Definition
anterior and posterior pituitary to the hypothalmus
Term
What are the Tropic hormones? what do they do?
Definition
TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH, and they all regulate the secretion of other homones
Term
What are the 3 staining categories?
Definition
Acidophils (red), Basophils (blue), and chromatophobes (no color)
Term
Hypothalamus....
Definition
regulates secretion of hormones by releasing releasing factors or inhibiting hormones
Term
Hypophyseal portal system...
Definition
transports hormones from Hypothalamus to the Pituitary
Term
The neurohypophysis is....
Definition
The posterior pituitary, and is structurally part of the brain.
Term
What does the posterior pituitary do?
Definition
it secretes antidiuretic hormone, and oxytocin, which are both made in the hypothalamus.
Term
Oxytocin...
Definition
increases smooth muscle contraction, and helps during child birth
Term
The anterior pituitary is made of...
Definition
epithelial cells
Term
the thyroid gland...
Definition
is located in the anterior neck, is the largest pure endocrine gland, is composed of follicles (epithelial) and areolar connective tissue, and produces 2 hormones.
Term
The thyroid gland produces...
Definition

thyroid hormones; T3 AKA triiodothyonine and T4 thyoxine, which needs iodine

 

and Calcitonin, regulates blood calcium levels

Term
The thyroid has a right and left lobe joined by the...
Definition
isthmus
Term
The thyroid gland is special in that it makes hormone and...
Definition
stores it
Term
what is coloid?
Definition
stored hormone in the thyroid gland
Term
Folicle cells do what in the thyroid?
Definition
they produce thyroid hormone
Term
what do parafollicular cells do in the thyroid?
Definition

they produce calcitonin

 

Parafollicular cells are also known as C-cells

Term
What are the 2 cells of the parathyroid? describe them
Definition

Chief cells make parathyroid hormone, are small and stain blue

 

Oxyphil cells have an unknown function and are large and pink from containing alot of mitochondria

Term
What does parathyroid hormone do?
Definition
It increases blood calcium, osteoclast activity, and Ca reabsorption in the kidney
Term
What kind of tissue is commonly found around the parathyroid?
Definition
Adipose tissue
Term
The adrenal gland is located...
Definition
superior to the kidney
Term
What are the layers of the adrenal gland?
Definition

Zona glomerulosa (spheres)

Zona fasciculata (columns)

Zona reticularis (branching network)

 

Term
What does the medulla do?
Definition
it has sympathetic ganglion, catecholemines with norepinephrine and epinephrine, modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons, and chromaffin cells which stain with chromium salts
Term
What does the adrenal cortex do?
Definition
it is 90% of the adrenal gland, and produces steroid based hormones (Corticosteroids), it has alot of SER, lipid droplets, no secretory granules, and mitochondria with tubular cristae.
Term
What are the types of corticosterioids?
Definition

1. Mineralocorticoids = Aldosterone, which increases sodium and water absorption in the kidney, causing an increase in blood volume and pressure

 

2. Glucocorticoids = cortisol, helps maintain high glucose concentration to the brain

Term
Describe the zona glomerulosa
Definition
It is humoral, responding to Na, and is where aldosterone is contained
Term
What causes the fasciculata and reticularis to extrete cortisol and androgens?
Definition
ACTH
Term
The pancreas has both....
Definition
Endocrine and exocrine functions
Term
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
Definition
The islets of langerhans, which compose 1-2% of the pancreas, contain alpha and beta cells.  Alpha cells produce glucagon, increasing blood glucose, and beta cells produce insulin, decreasing blood glucose.
Term
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
Definition
It makes most digestive enzymes which it deposites into the duodenum
Term
What is the cell in the pineal gland?
Definition
the pinealocyte which secretes melationin
Term
In the pineal gland at 14 years and on
Definition
you have calcium deposts known as brain sand, and are radiopaque, acting as a midline indicator.
Term
The middle and inner ear house
Definition
the pitreal portion of the temporal bone
Term
the otolithic membrane is a
Definition
gelatinous membrane, which is imbedded with otoliths
Term
The crista ampullaris....
Definition
contains hair cells, endolymph and the cupula.  When the head is spun, the endolymph's innertia moves the cupula, sending the impulse to the CNS
Term
The cochlea is a spiral structure...
Definition
to increase surface area
Term
The cochlear duct divides the cochlea into _ chambers also known as ____
Definition
3; scala
Term
What are the 3 chambers?
Definition

the scala vestibuli, contains perilymph and creates the oval window which fits the stapes

 

the scala media, Endolymph

 

the scala tympani, perilymph and creates the round window which is covered by a membrane which gives a little as perilymph moves

Term
The heliotrema is...
Definition
the point where the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani connect
Term
The tectorial membrane...
Definition
is where the hair cells in the organ of corti are attached.  it is stationary, so the hairs bend.
Term
What cranial nerve is associated with the organ of corti?
Definition
VIII
Term
What is the general plan of the alimentary canal?
Definition

1. Mucosa= mucous membrane (epithelium, lamina propria and muscular mucosae)


2. Submucosa - CT, glands, nerve plexus (submucosal plexus, innervates glands and muscle)


3.Muscularis externa=smooth muscle, has an inner circular (segmentation) plus outer longitudinal layer (peristalsis), separated by the myenteric plexus which enervates them both


4. Serosa or adventitia (CT only, no epithelium)

Term
Smooth muscle contains only _____mysium
Definition
endo
Term
There are gap junctions between each smooth cell, which means...?
Definition
each cell does not neat to be innervated
Term
smooth muscle has no
Definition
triads T tubules or Z lines
Term
What replace T tubules in smooth muscle?
Definition
Caveolae, which are little invaginations in the sarcolema
Term
What keeps smooth muscle connected together?
Definition
Intermediate filament bundles which are attached to dense bodies
Term
What are dense bodies? what are they equivalent to?
Definition
they are the site of actin attachment and are equivalent to the z line
Term
Variscosities are....
Definition
little swellings that act as axon terminals for smooth muscle
Term
The large gap/space between the variscosity and the smooth muscle...
Definition
slows the muscle's response
Term
In the abdominopelvic cavity the serous membrane is modified, forming....
Definition
mesentery
Term
What is mesentery? What is it's function?
Definition

a double layer of peritoneum (the serous membrane)

 

It is used to hold organs in place, is the route by which BV & Nerves reach the organs, and it is a site for adipose storage

Term
Dorsal mesentery...
Definition
attaches organs to the dorsal/posterior body wall, e.g. greater omentum
Term
Ventral mesentery...
Definition
atach organs to anterior body wall (attaches liver to wall and to stomach)
Term
If the organ remains suspended in the cavity, it is called...
Definition
introperitoneal serosa
Term
If the organ is found outside the peritoneal cavity it is called...
Definition
retroperitoneal, and usually becomes advantitia
Term
The order of the alimentary canal is...
Definition
1. Oral cavity
2. Oropharynx
3. Larygopharynx
4. Esophagus
Term
What epithelium is used for the first few parts of the alimentary canal?
Definition
stratified squamous nonkaritinized epithelium
Term
The esophagus is __ cm long and it takes _____ secs for food to get down
Definition
25; 4-6
Term
What type of muscle is the muscle around the esophagus?
Definition
the 1st 3rd is skeletal, the middle 3rd is a mix of smooth and skeletal, and the last 3rd is smooth.
Term
the outer layer of the esophagus is...
Definition
adventitia
Term
The cardia is where...
Definition
the esophagus joins the stomach
Term
The fundus is...
Definition
the dome of the stomach
Term
the pylorus is...
Definition
where the stomach meets the small intestine
Term
The rugae of the mucosa are...
Definition
the curly parts of the stomach that allow it to expand when you eat more food
Term
The muscularis externa has _ layers of smooth muscle
Definition
3
Term
The layers of smooth muscle in the stomach are...
Definition
oblique, circular, and longitudinal
Term
Chyme=
Definition
liquid paste created by the stomach from food
Term
Glands in the carida and pylorus produce _________ for protection
Definition
mucosa
Term
There are _ glands in the submucosa of the stomach
Definition
no
Term
The mucosa of the stomach has...
Definition
simple columnar epithelium, with several different cell types.  It also has gastric pits (ducts) and gastric glands.
Term
The surface mucous cell of the stomach...
Definition
cover the surface and line the pits, secreting mucous to protect the cells from the hostile environment of the stomach
Term
The glands of the fundus and the body of the stomach are...
Definition

Mucous neck cells and stem cells

 

the parietal cell (pink) which secretes HCl, and gastric intrinsic factor.


the chief cells (blue) secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin in the acid, which then works on proteins.


The enteroendocrine glands, which are unicellular glands that extrete hormones.

Term
Glands in cardiac and pylorus secrete
Definition
mucous
Term
The small intestine earns its name from
Definition
its width
Term
it takes ____ hours for the food to get through the small intestine
Definition
3-6
Term
duodenum comprises _% of the small intestine, jejunum _%, and ileum _% and is _ meters long
Definition
5;40;60;5
Term
What features increase the surface area of the small intestine?
Definition

1. Plicae circularus - permanent fold of mucousa and submucousa

 

2. Villi - unique to small intestine, finger like extension of the mucousa

 

3. Mircovilli - extensions of plasma lemma on surface of epithelium

Term
Describe the mucosa in the small intestine
Definition
it's simple columnar epithelium that contains goblet cells, absorptive cells (enterocytes, lots of microvilli), enteroendocrine cells (produce hormones), paneth cells (found at base of gland, and produce bacteriocidal material.
Term
Describe the submucosa in the small intestine
Definition
Glands only found in this layer, in the duodenum.  They are known as Brunners glands, and they produce an alkaline mucus to neutralize pH of chyme so pancreatic ENZ can function
Term
Describe the jejunum and ileum
Definition
They are covered by serosa, while the duodenum is covered in adventitia.
Term
What is found in the villus, and what function(s) does it perform?
Definition

Blood capilaries absorb protein, carbohydrates, drugs, and travel to liver by hepatic portal

 

The lymph capillary, Lacteal, takes lipids which are carried to veins at base of neck

 

Lamina propria

Term
In the ileum there is a high concentration of....
Definition
lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules, which are clusters of lymphocytes which are in the mucosa and submucosa.
Term
Peyer's patches are...
Definition
lymphatic nodules and are unique to the lymphatic tissue in ileum
Term
Cecum is where...
Definition
the large and small intestine meet
Term
The colon is...
Definition
shorter than the small intestine at 1.5m, the material inside stays in 12-24 hours, where H2O and electrolytes are reabsorbed, producing the semisolid feces.
Term
Describe the abnormal structures unique to the  colon
Definition

Mucosa- simple columnar epithelium except in the anal canal where it is stratified squamous.  It containst goblet cells and absoprtive cells, there are intestinal glands by no villi.


Muscularis-  outer longitudinal layer is organized into 3 thickened bands AKA Tenia Coli, which causes haustra, the puckers in the colon.


Transverse and sigmoid colon have serosa, all else has advantitia.

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