axial: head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis and perineum

and

appendicular=limbs, including girdles (attachments of appendages)

Sagital  separates left from right

the midsagital section is a cut directly down the midline, while parasagital is an off midline cut

Toward the head/above;

away from head/below

towards the front of the body/ventral;

towards the back of the body/dorsal

At or near point of origin/attachment;

away from point of origin/attachment

towards the surface of the body;

towards the core

at/near/toward the midline;

away from the midline

on the same side;

on the opposite side;

nervous

Light Microscope (LM) which is used to view larger microscopic structures, and provides true color.  EX Cell,tissue, organs, some organelles

 Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) which is used to study smaller more specific parts of microscopic structures called ultrastructure. EX. Organelles

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), which is used to see surface detail, and provides a 3-D image

1. Fixation - preserve specimen to prevent postmortem change

2. Embed - providing a support around the specimen (I.E. Wax)

3. Section - slice specimen thin enough to allow light/electrons to pass through

4. Stain - Allows specimen to be visualized

Dyes are charged, and therefore bind to tissue components of opposite charge.

Basic dye has a positive charge, Hematoxylin is a blue basic dye.

Acidic dye has a negative charge, Eosin is a pink acidic dye.

plama lemma, it is composed of the phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and oligosacharides

It acts as a boundary between the internal cell environment and the external environment.

It also determines what materials enter and exit the cell via diffusion, facilitated transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.

 a network of interconnecting tube or sacs made of membranes

The rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

It is the site of synthesis of ribosomal sub units.

The cell will have as many as are necessary to it's functioning.

Heterochromatin is condensed chromatin that cannot be transcribed.

It stains darkly

It is a relaxed chromatin which is easily transcribed.

It appears to be clear or lightly stained since it is not condensed like heterochromatin

it provides tensile strength to resist pulling forces within the cell.

They are used diagnostically to determine the source of a cancer, due to their stability.

Microfilaments, which are not stable (constant turnover)

intermediate filaments which are extremely stable

Microtubules which are not stable (constant turnover)

Epithelium (epithelial tissue)

Connective tissue

Muscle Tissue

Nervous Tissue

Sheets of cells that cover the body surfaces and line body cavities and line hollow organs.

It sits on the basal lamina (which is acellular) between 2 different environments (one is connective tissue, the side with the changing environment is where the epithelial cells are located)

1. cellular (very little intercellular space/material)

2. Specialized cell junctions between cells (cell-cell contact)

3. Polarity, i.e. 2 distinct regions (apical, or top of cell, and basal, or bottom of cell)

4. Always associated w/ connective tissue

5. Avascular - no blood vessels (connective tissue houses blood vessels for nutrients and defensive cells) and innervative

6. Regenerative capability

They are classified by cell layers and the shape of the apical (top) cells.

Layers, simple is one layer, and 2 or more is stratified.

Shape, squamous is flat, cuboidal is cubic, columnar is taller than it is wide (nucleus is basal)

Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, and transitional epithelium

Dry and moist, dry being the skin and are distinguished by their lack of nuclei in the apical cells.

Moist has nuclei in it's apical cells and lines the mouth esophagus, etc.

simple stratified

Makes and secretes a product

Endocrine glands secrete product (hormone) into the Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM) and/or in the blood vessels.

Exocrine glands secrete their product onto the surface of epithelial cells, multicellular glands secrete via a duct.

Apical is the top of the cell, which may have cilia and microvilli

Basal is the base of the cell which is attached to the basal lamina, which is a filter that provides support.  It is on a reticular lamina (layer of reticular fibers) and both are known as the basement membrane.

Lateral is the sideof the cell which may have cell junctions.

Microvili are short fingerlike projections of the cell membrane used to increase the surfaces areas and therefore absorption and ion transport.

Cilia are long fingerlike projections, which are more motile, and composed of an organized core of microtubules. they are used to move more material over/across the surface of the epithelium.

Tight junction (zonula occludens) is the most apical and goes around the circumference of the cell, preventing passage of material between neighboring cells

Zonula Adherans is below the zonula occludens, goes around circ of cell, and prevents cells from separating, involves actin/microfilaments

Desmosornes is located anywhere, but forms spot welds, and is the toughest of all junctions located in the areas where separation is likely.  It is made ofKeratin (an intermediate filament)

 Gap Junctions is where proteins between 2 adjacent cells form a channel between adjacent cells for ion transport.

Connective tissue proper, which is either loose (areolar) CT which has the widest distribution and always associated with epithelium and surrounds BV and nerves, or dense CT (which has an abundance of callogen fibers)

  and

Specialized connective tissue, which always have a special extra cellular matrix (like bone)

the mast cell (contains granules of histamine) mediates inflamation

the macrophage is a phagocyte

the plasma cell makes and secretes antibodies

the white blood cells: neutrophil, lymphocyte, and eosinophil

The Adipocyte (Fat cell) stores fat (energy)

The abundance of fibers (callogen)

the two types of Dense CT are irregular and regular, regular has organized callogen into one dierction to resist pull from 1 direction (tendons and ligaments are regular)

Irregular has callogen which is not organized in 1 direction, which resists pulling in all directions (like the dermis of the skin and organ capsules)

Areolar LCT is under the epithelium surrounded by blood vessels and nerves

Dense CT has an abundance of callogen fibers

Dense irregular CT has unorganized callogen, which allows for it to be pulled in all directions.

Dense Regular CT has callogen organized in one direction, which allows for pulling along that direction.

Elastic CT is a type of DCT with an abundance of elstiv fibers, but has limited distribution in the body.