Term
| Extensibility and Elasticity |
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Definition
| Enable the muscle to be stretched and return to normal length. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the ability to shorten and produce tension |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of myofibrils held together by sarcolemma (cell membrane) that can propagate nerve impulses. |
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Term
| The Muscle Fiber Myofibrils |
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Definition
-Are arranged in parallel formation.
-Made up of alternating dark & light bands that give muscle fiber their striated appearance.
-Each fiber enclosed by endomysium. |
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Term
| The Muscle Fiber Myofilaments |
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Definition
-Actin : when stimulated slides over myosin.
-Cross-bridges: projections (heads) of myosin attach to actin. |
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Term
| The Muscle Fiber Sarcomeres |
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Definition
-Myofibril between two Z lines.
-Functional contractile unit of skeletal muscle. |
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Term
| The Muscle Fiber Whole Muscle |
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Definition
-Fasiculus (bundle of fibers) enclosed by perimysium.
-Group of bundles encased within epimysium. |
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Term
| Slow and Fast Twitch Fibers |
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Definition
-These are the two major categories pertinent for kinesiology.
-Most limb muscles contain a relatively equal distribution of each fiber type.
-Postural muscles contain more slow twitch fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| are large, pale, and have less blood supply than slow twitch fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| are small, red, and have a rich blood supply, and greater myoglobin. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the distal bone is stabilized and the proximal bone moves. |
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Term
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Definition
| long, strap like muscle with fibers in parallel to its long axis. |
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Term
| Quadrate or Quadrilateral: |
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Definition
-four sided and usually flat.
-Consist of parallel fibers. |
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Term
| Triangular or Fan-Shaped: |
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Definition
| fibers radiate from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other. |
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Term
| Fusiform or Spindle-Shaped: |
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Definition
| rounded muscle that tapers at either end. |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of short, parallel, feather like fibers extends diagonally from the side of a long tendon. |
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Term
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Definition
| A long central tendon with fibers extending diagonally in pairs from either side of the tendon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Several tendons are present, with fibers running diagonally between them. |
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Term
| Effect of Muscle Structure on Force |
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Definition
-Force a muscle can exert is proportional to its physiological cross section (PCS).
-A broad, thick, longitudinal muscle exerts more force than a thin one.
-A pennate muscle of the same thickness as a longitudinal muscle can exert greater force.
-The oblique arrangement of fiber allows for a larger number of fibers than in comparable sizes of other classifications. |
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Term
| Effect of Muscle Structure on ROM |
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Definition
-Muscle can shorten to approximately half its’ resting length.
-Long muscles with fibers longitudinally arranged along the long axis can exert force over a longer distance.
-Pennate muscles with their oblique fiber arrangement and short fibers, can exert superior force through only a short range. |
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Term
| Skeletal Muscle Function: Line of Pull |
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Definition
-Movement that the contracting muscle produces is determined by two factors:
-Type of joint that is spans
-The relation of the muscle’s line of pull to the joint |
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Term
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Definition
-Pectoralis major (clavicular) is primarily a flexor, but it also adducts the humerus.
-When arm is abducted, line of pull moves above axis of rotation and contributes to abduction of humerus. |
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Term
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Definition
-If very shallow, most of the tension will produce a force pulling along the bone.
-Will tend to stabilize joint.
-If fairly large, will have a much larger rotary component of force.
-In many muscles the angle changes throughout ROM.
-When muscle generates tension at a 900 angle to the bone, it is the most efficient at producing joint motion. |
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Term
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Definition
-Contract literally means to “draw together”.
-Muscle contraction occurs whenever muscle fibers generate tension which may occur while the muscle is actually shortening, remaining the same length, or lengthening. |
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Term
| Concentric or Shortening Contraction |
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Definition
-When tension by the muscle is sufficient to overcome a resistance and move the body segment.
-The muscle shortens. |
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Term
| Eccentric or Lengthening Contraction |
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Definition
-When a muscle slowly lengthens as it gives in to an external force that is greater than the contractile force it is exerting.
-Muscle is acting as a “brake”. |
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Term
| Isometric or Static Contraction |
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Definition
-Isometric means “equal length”.
-Tension is developed in the muscle without any appreciable change in length.
-Occurs under two conditions:
1. Antagonistic muscles contract with equal strength.
2. Muscle is held against another force. |
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Term
| Isotonic and Isokinetic Contraction |
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Definition
-Isotonic means “equal tension” - the tension remains constant while muscle shortens or lengthens.
-Isokinetic means “equal or same motion”.
1. Maximum muscle effort at the same speed.
2. “Accommodating resistance” |
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Term
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Definition
-Movements may be in the direction as gravitational forces (downward), opposing gravity (upward), or perpendicular to gravity (horizontal).
-Horizontal motion is not affected by gravity.
-Lifting against gravity requires a concentric contraction of the agonist.
-Slowly lowering with gravity requires an eccentric contraction of the same muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| A forceful downward motion uses agonist muscles in a concentric contraction, since gravitational pull is being exceeded. |
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Term
| Length-Tension Relationship |
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Definition
-Optimum length is the length at which a muscle can exert maximum tension.
-Slightly greater than resting length.
1. Passively stretched
2. Total tension
3. Developed tension |
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Term
| Force-Velocity Relationship |
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Definition
-As the speed of contraction increases, the force it is able to exert decreases.
-At maximum velocity of contraction the load is zero. |
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Term
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Definition
-Both muscle and tendon possess elastic properties.
-When concentric contraction is preceded by a phase of active stretching, elastic energy stored in the stretch phase is available for use in the contractile phase.
-This enhanced potential for work is attributed to a combination of the series elastic components (tendon) and the parallel elastic components (cross bridge and fascicle elasticity; stretch reflex). |
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Term
| Coordination of the Muscular System |
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Definition
-Movements of the body use considerable activity in muscles in addition to those directly responsible for the movement.
-Muscles causing the movement must have a stable base.
-Bones not engaged in the movement must be stabilized by other muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| directly responsible for producing a movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| cooperative muscle function |
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Term
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Definition
| cooperative muscle function |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| have an effect opposite to that of movers, or agonists. |
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Term
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Definition
-The simultaneous contraction of movers and antagonists.
-Neutralizers and stabilizers may need to cocontract to counteract the additional function of a mover. |
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Term
| Action of Bi-Articular Muscles |
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Definition
-Muscles that pass over and act on two joints
-Whether muscles flex joints in the same direction or opposite directions, they are not long enough to permit complete movement in both joints at the same time.
-Resulting tension in one muscle is transmitted to the other.
-These muscles can continue to exert tension without shortening. |
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Term
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Definition
| Simultaneous flexion or extension of the hip and knee joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| one muscles shortens at both joints as its’ antagonist lengthens correspondingly and thereby gains tension at both ends. |
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Term
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Definition
| no effort on the part of the subject involved, motion due to outside force. |
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Term
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Definition
| movement is produced by the subject’s own muscular activity. |
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Term
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Definition
-Movements that are initiated by vigorous contraction and completed by momentum.
-Throwing, striking, & kicking
-In the early stages of learning a ballistic skill concentrate on form rather that accuracy.
-Termination of ballistic action:
1. By contracting antagonist muscles.
forehand drive in tennis
2. By passive resistance of ligaments or other tissues at limits of motion.
Throwing motion
3. By the interference of an obstacle
Chopping wood |
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Term
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Definition
| meaningful basis for the visualization of muscle’s potential movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| valuable method for superficial muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| meaningful basis for the visualization of muscle’s potential movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| valuable method for superficial muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contraction of individual muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| based on the fact that contracting muscles generate electrical impulses. |
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Term
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Definition
-Description of muscular involvement is added to previously completed analysis of joint and segment involvement.
-Muscular action is identified for each joint movement and recorded next to the joint action on the chart (Table 1.2).
-Main Muscle Groups Active
-Kind of Contraction |
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