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| First person to combine quantitative statistics with genetic information |
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| Produce pure animals, data collection and analysis, animal rankings and selection (GGP or GP to farm animals) |
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| Focus on crossbreeding, some selection, mainly expansion (GP or P to farm animals) |
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| typically crossbred animals, focus on flexibility, producing commodities for various markets |
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| specific location of a gene, DNA sequence or position in the genome |
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| more than one location in the genome |
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| one of a number of alternate forms of a gene or locus (each gene has 2) |
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| having 2 sets of chromosomes |
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| the genetic makeup of an individual with reference to a specific characteristic |
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| when an individual has 2 identical alleles at a particular locus or at multiple loci |
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| when an individual has 2 different alleles of a particular locus or at multiple loci |
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| observable or measurable characteristic (Ex: hair color) |
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| observed category or measured level of performance for a trait (Ex: blonde) |
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| trait in which the phenotype is expressed in categories (Ex: pea color - yellow or green) |
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| trait in which the phenotypes show numerical expression (continuous) (Ex: weight - 0-400lbs) |
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| trait affected by one or only a few genes (usu. for qualitative traits) |
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| trait affected by many genes, some of which are unknown (usu. for quantitative traits) |
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a general goal for any breeding program
-list of traits, threshold for traits, time frame for reaching threshold |
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the value of an individual as a parent
- calculated value which includes individual's own data, pedigree, and possibly DNA info |
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| set of rules for choosing which males are mated to which females |
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| Filial Generation 1 (children) |
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| Filial Generation 2 (children) |
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| the interaction between alleles of a single locus such that one allele has more of an affect than the other |
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random sampling of parental genes AND random sampling of gametes in the formation of the embryo
- Basically, you can't control which alleles are passed on |
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| expression of the heterozygote is exactly halfway between the expression of the homozygotes |
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| expression of the heterozygote is identical to the expression of the dominant homozygote |
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| Partial or Incomplete Dominance |
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| expression of the heterozygote is not exactly intermediate to the two homozygotes |
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| expression of the heterozygote is outside the range of the two homozygotes |
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| interaction among genes at different loci |
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| pattern of inheritance for genes located on the sex chromosomes (Ex: color blindness) |
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| phenotypic expression is limited to one sex (Ex: milk production) |
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| Sex-Influenced Inheritance |
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| gene expression differs in males and females |
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| deals with genotypes of individuals or a single cross between two individuals |
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| frequency of a given allele within a population |
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| frequency of a single locus genotype within a population |
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| Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium |
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| a state of constant gene and genotypic frequencies in a large, randomly mated population in the absence of selection, mutation, and migration |
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| the study of factors affecting gene and genotypic frequencies |
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| Selection (Non-Random Mating) |
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Definition
| choosing which parents should be parents of the next generation |
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| process of altering DNA to create new alleles |
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when large numbers of individuals move in or out of a population
- potential for loss of certain alleles, or introduction of new ones |
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| change in frequencies in small populations due to chance |
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the mating of relatives
- parents share a common ancestor |
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| the mating of unrelated individuals |
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| increased performance of crossbreds over their pure parents |
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| ability of an individual to produce progeny wiht performance like it's own (uniformity) |
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1. Increases the likelihood of homozygotes within a population
2. Expression of deleterious recessive alleles (genetic defects) |
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| Consequences of Inbreeding |
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a decrease in the performance of inbreds, typically in traits like fertility and survivability
- overall increase in homozygosity and decrease in genetic variance |
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1. Fixing favorable alleles
2. Uniformity
3. Create opportunity for hybrid vigor/heterosis |
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1. Increase heterozygosity
2. Increase genetic variance
3. Decreased uniformity |
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Definition
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P = mean + G + E
P = mean + BV + GCV + Et + Ep |
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part of the genotypic value that is due to independent, additive gene effects
- CAN be passed onto offspring |
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| Gene Combination Value (GCV) |
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part of the genotypic value that is due to the specific combination of genes present in an individual
-CANNOT be passed onto offspring |
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| Progeny Difference (PD)/Transmitting Ability (TA) |
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| Permanent Environmental Effect |
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| an environmental effect that permanently influenced an individual's performance for a repeated trait |
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| Temporary Environmental Effect |
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Definition
| an environmental effect that influences a single performance record of an individual |
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traits for which individuals commonly have more than one performance record
Ex: milk production, race records, litter size |
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| performance potential of an individual for a repeated traits |
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