Term
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Definition
| the application of biological knowledge to practical needs |
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Term
1. Altering Reproduction
2. Gene Technologies |
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Definition
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Term
1. Artificial Insemination
2. Estrus Synchronization
3. Multiple Ovulation
4. Embryo Transfer
5. Controlling Sex
6. Cloning |
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Definition
| Altering Reproduction Methods |
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Term
1. Gene Mapping
2. Gene Transfer
3. Gene Deletion
4. Marker Assisted Selection
5. Whole Genome Selection
6. Sequencing |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| semen collected from males then used in fresh or frozen form to breed females |
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Term
1. Increase selection intensity of males (need less males)
2. Increase accuracy of selection (lots of data on each sire)
3. May decrease generation interval (less time needed to collect data) |
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Definition
| How artificial selection affects genetic change |
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Term
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Definition
| administration of hormones to a group of mammalian females causing them to come into heat (estrus) at or near the same time |
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Term
| 1. Slight decrease in generation interval of females (shorter breeding & calving season) |
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Definition
| How estrus synchronization affects genetic change |
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Term
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Definition
| administration of a hormone causing a female to develop and release more eggs than normal |
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Term
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Definition
| reproductive technology in which embryos from donor females are collected and transferred in fresh or frozen form to recipient female |
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Term
1. Increase intensity of selection of females (need less females to reproduce)
2. Decrease generation interval
3. Rapidly decrease genetic variation (bad) (offspring all from same dam) |
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Definition
| How multiple ovulation and embryo tranfer (MOET) affects genetic change |
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Term
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Definition
| splitting embryos at early stages of cell growth to get two identical embryos, then keep splitting |
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Term
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Definition
| How cloning affects genetic change |
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Term
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Definition
| determining sex of a pre-implanted embryo |
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Term
| 1. Almost doubles the number of selection candidates, which increases selection intensity |
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Definition
| How controlling sex affects genetic change |
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Term
1. Accuracy of selection increases (if the correct DNA-phenotype association are known)
2. Can decrease generation interval by limiting the need for progeny testing |
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Definition
| 2 ways gene technologies can enhance genetic change |
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Term
| Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) |
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Definition
| areas of the genome that are associated with traits of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| any gene or DNA sequence used to identify location on a genetic map |
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Term
| Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) |
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Definition
| a place where we see genetic varience |
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Term
| Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) |
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Definition
| a study to predict which areas of the genome contribute to variance of a given trait |
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Term
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Definition
| performs GWAS to predict which markers are associated with traits of interest and how much of an effect each marker has |
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Term
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Definition
| plot of results from a genome scan; shows which genomic regions are significantly associated with traits of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| identify markers that are associated with traits of interest and estimate marker effects |
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Term
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Definition
| test markers using a different set of animals to ensure they are truly associated with the trait of interest |
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Term
| Marker Assisted Selection |
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Definition
| use genotype information to aid in making selection decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| allows us to incorporate all known SNP into the genetic evaluation so that markers with small effects are not ignored |
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Term
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Definition
| obtaining the entire genomic sequence from an animal or plant |
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Term
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Definition
| statistical inference of unknown genotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| transferring genes within species or across species |
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Term
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Definition
| cutting a piece of DNA and inserting it into the embryonic DNA of another species |
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Term
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Definition
| animals whose genomes contain foreign genes |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic technique in which one of an organism's genes is inactivated or deleted |
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Term
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Definition
| probability that a randomly drawn gene from animal X is identical by descent with a gene randomly drawn from animal Y |
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